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Part I: Basics of Respiratory Physiology and Mechanics in the Neonate and the Growing Child; 1: Development of the Respiratory System (Including the Preterm Infant); 1.1 Prenatal Development; 1.1.1 Embryonic and Fetal Development of the Airways; 1.1.2 Branching Morphogenesis; 1.1.3 Differentiation of the Conducting Airway Epithelium; 1.1.4 The Establishment of the Air-Blood Interface; 1.1.5 Development of the Embryonic and Fetal Pulmonary Vascular System; 1.1.5.1 The Extrapulmonary Vessels; 1.1.5.2 The Intrapulmonary Vessels and Microcirculation; 1.2 Postnatal Lung Development
1.2.1 Postnatal Lung Development: Alveolarization1.2.2 The Formation of the Alveoli; 1.2.3 The Regulation of Secondary Septation; 1.2.3.1 ECM; 1.2.3.2 Growth Factors; 1.2.3.3 Transcription Factors; 1.2.3.4 Retinoic Acid and Glucocorticoids; 1.2.4 The Pulmonary Vascular System in Alveolar Development; 1.2.5 Regulation of Postnatal Vascular Growth; References; 2: The Neonatal Neuromechanical Unit: Generalities of Operation; 2.1 Generalities; 2.2 Neural Output; 2.3 Translation of Muscle Contraction into Pulmonary Ventilation; 2.3.1 Step 1. Force Generation; 2.3.2 Step 2. Pressure Generation
2.3.3 Step 3. Lung and Chest Wall Mechanics2.4 Mechanical Constraints and Breathing Pattern; 2.4.1 Chest Wall Distortion; 2.4.2 Low Resting Volume: Problems and Solutions; 2.5 Feedback Regulation; 2.5.1 Vagal Feedback; 2.5.2 Extrapulmonary Ventilatory Reflexes; 2.5.3 Chemical Feedback; 2.5.3.1 Hypoxia; 2.5.3.2 Hypercapnia; Conclusions; References; 3: Basics of Gas Exchange; 3.1 Pulmonary Gas Exchange; 3.2 Alveolar Ventilation and Alveolar PO2; 3.3 Intrapulmonary Shunt; 3.4 Dead Space; 3.5 Blood-Gas Equilibrium; 3.6 Tissue Oxygenation; 3.7 Metabolic Rate
3.8 Interpretation of Arterial and Venous Blood GasesReferences; 4: The Respiratory System; 4.1 Physiology of the Upper Airway and Control in Breathing; 4.1.1 Introduction: Breathing and the Upper Airway; 4.1.2 Nasal Functions in Breathing; 4.1.2.1 Air Conditioning and Vascularity; 4.1.2.2 Nasal Reflexes and Protection; 4.1.2.3 Nasal Patency and Resistance; 4.1.3 Oral Cavity and Pharyngeal Functions in Breathing; 4.1.3.1 Oral Cavity and Pharyngeal Patencies and Obstructive Apnea; 4.1.3.2 Sucking, Nutritive Swallowing, and Breathing
4.1.3.3 Nonnutritive Swallowing, Aspiration, and Swallow Breaths4.1.4 Laryngeal Functions in Breathing and Control in Breathing; 4.1.4.1 Laryngeal Opening and Closure in Airway Protection and Breathing; 4.1.4.1.1 Laryngeal Closure and Airway Protection; 4.1.4.1.2 Eupnea: Glottic Aperture Size and Flow/Volume Control; 4.1.4.1.3 Integrative Central Control and Effects; 4.1.4.2 Laryngeal Intrinsic Muscles and Control in Breathing; 4.1.4.2.1 Laryngeal Intrinsic Muscles in Eupnea and Grunting; 4.1.4.3 Laryngeal and Pump Muscle Breathing Patterns in the Fetus and Newborn
1.2.1 Postnatal Lung Development: Alveolarization1.2.2 The Formation of the Alveoli; 1.2.3 The Regulation of Secondary Septation; 1.2.3.1 ECM; 1.2.3.2 Growth Factors; 1.2.3.3 Transcription Factors; 1.2.3.4 Retinoic Acid and Glucocorticoids; 1.2.4 The Pulmonary Vascular System in Alveolar Development; 1.2.5 Regulation of Postnatal Vascular Growth; References; 2: The Neonatal Neuromechanical Unit: Generalities of Operation; 2.1 Generalities; 2.2 Neural Output; 2.3 Translation of Muscle Contraction into Pulmonary Ventilation; 2.3.1 Step 1. Force Generation; 2.3.2 Step 2. Pressure Generation
2.3.3 Step 3. Lung and Chest Wall Mechanics2.4 Mechanical Constraints and Breathing Pattern; 2.4.1 Chest Wall Distortion; 2.4.2 Low Resting Volume: Problems and Solutions; 2.5 Feedback Regulation; 2.5.1 Vagal Feedback; 2.5.2 Extrapulmonary Ventilatory Reflexes; 2.5.3 Chemical Feedback; 2.5.3.1 Hypoxia; 2.5.3.2 Hypercapnia; Conclusions; References; 3: Basics of Gas Exchange; 3.1 Pulmonary Gas Exchange; 3.2 Alveolar Ventilation and Alveolar PO2; 3.3 Intrapulmonary Shunt; 3.4 Dead Space; 3.5 Blood-Gas Equilibrium; 3.6 Tissue Oxygenation; 3.7 Metabolic Rate
3.8 Interpretation of Arterial and Venous Blood GasesReferences; 4: The Respiratory System; 4.1 Physiology of the Upper Airway and Control in Breathing; 4.1.1 Introduction: Breathing and the Upper Airway; 4.1.2 Nasal Functions in Breathing; 4.1.2.1 Air Conditioning and Vascularity; 4.1.2.2 Nasal Reflexes and Protection; 4.1.2.3 Nasal Patency and Resistance; 4.1.3 Oral Cavity and Pharyngeal Functions in Breathing; 4.1.3.1 Oral Cavity and Pharyngeal Patencies and Obstructive Apnea; 4.1.3.2 Sucking, Nutritive Swallowing, and Breathing
4.1.3.3 Nonnutritive Swallowing, Aspiration, and Swallow Breaths4.1.4 Laryngeal Functions in Breathing and Control in Breathing; 4.1.4.1 Laryngeal Opening and Closure in Airway Protection and Breathing; 4.1.4.1.1 Laryngeal Closure and Airway Protection; 4.1.4.1.2 Eupnea: Glottic Aperture Size and Flow/Volume Control; 4.1.4.1.3 Integrative Central Control and Effects; 4.1.4.2 Laryngeal Intrinsic Muscles and Control in Breathing; 4.1.4.2.1 Laryngeal Intrinsic Muscles in Eupnea and Grunting; 4.1.4.3 Laryngeal and Pump Muscle Breathing Patterns in the Fetus and Newborn