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Contributors; Chapter 1: Introduction: Corneal Biomechanics and Refractive Surgery; 1 Refractive Surgery; 2 Biomedical Engineering; 3 Biomechanical Models for Refractive Surgery; 4 Chapter Organization; References; Chapter 2: Corneal Biomechanics; 1 Introduction; 2 The Cornea; 2.1 Anatomical and Physical Properties; 2.2 Histology of the Cornea; 2.3 Corneal Wound Healing; 3 Measurements of the Mechanical Parameters; 3.1 Extensibility of the Cornea; 3.2 Keratoconus Biomechanics; 3.3 Stromal and Descemet Membrane Extensibilities; 3.4 Bowmanś Membrane Importance
3.5 Viscoelastic Parameters4 Biomechanical Models; 5 Toward a Computer-Aided Design of the Refractive Surgery; 6 Data Acquisition; 6.1 Corneal Thickness; 6.2 Corneal-Limbal Ring; 6.3 Anterior Surface; 6.4 Intraocular Pressure; 6.5 Ocular Length and Depth of the Anterior Chamber; 6.6 Objective and Subjective Refraction; 7 Optical Model; 7.1 Generation of Incisions; 8 Mechanical Models; 8.1 Elastic Model; 8.2 Hyperelastic Model; 8.3 Viscoelastic Model; 9 Boundary Conditions; 10 Initial Conditions; 11 Summary; References; Chapter 3: Biomechanics of Incisional Surgery; 1 Introduction
2 Geometry from Corneal Topography3 Finite Element Analysis; 3.1 Generation of the Incision; 3.2 Generation of a Curvature Map; 4 Parametric Study of Radial Keratotomy; 4.1 Relation with the Incision Length; 4.2 Relation with the Optical Zone; 4.3 Relation with Incision Depth; 4.4 Effect of the Youngś Modulus; 4.5 Relation with the Poissonś Ratio; 4.6 Relation with Intraocular Pressure; 5 Discussion; 6 An Exponential Hyperelastic Material Model for the Corneal Tissue; 7 Exponential Models for Biological Tissues; 7.1 Hyperelastic Nearly Incompressible Exponential Model for the Cornea
7.1.1 Fitting Inflation Tests Using an Inverse Method7.1.2 Fitting Normo-Hydrated Inflation Tests; 7.2 Simulation of Radial Keratotomy; Concluding Remarks; 8 Finite Linear Viscoelastic Model; 9 Constitutive Equations; 9.1 Multiplicative Decomposition of the Deformation Gradient; 9.2 Finite Linear Viscoelasticity; 9.3 Calibration with In Vivo Corneal Experiment; Conclusions; References; Chapter 4: Biomechanics of Subtractive Surgery: From ALK to LASIK; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Development of General Model for an Individual Lamella; 1.2 Corneal Model with Rotational Averaging of Lamella
2 Calibration Studies for the Corneal Model2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Calibration with ALK-H and Inflation Tests; 2.3 Normo-Hydrated Inflation Tests; 2.4 Simulation of RK and Comparison with Clinical Results; 3 Simulation of a Lamellar Surgery; 4 Finite Element Simulations of LASIK; 4.1 Comparison of Attempted and Simulated Correction; 4.2 Undercorrection in PRK and LASIK; 4.3 Undercorrection with the Optical Zone; 4.4 Undercorrection with the Preoperative Curvature; 4.5 Undercorrection with Ablation Depth and Optical Zone; Conclusions; References
3.5 Viscoelastic Parameters4 Biomechanical Models; 5 Toward a Computer-Aided Design of the Refractive Surgery; 6 Data Acquisition; 6.1 Corneal Thickness; 6.2 Corneal-Limbal Ring; 6.3 Anterior Surface; 6.4 Intraocular Pressure; 6.5 Ocular Length and Depth of the Anterior Chamber; 6.6 Objective and Subjective Refraction; 7 Optical Model; 7.1 Generation of Incisions; 8 Mechanical Models; 8.1 Elastic Model; 8.2 Hyperelastic Model; 8.3 Viscoelastic Model; 9 Boundary Conditions; 10 Initial Conditions; 11 Summary; References; Chapter 3: Biomechanics of Incisional Surgery; 1 Introduction
2 Geometry from Corneal Topography3 Finite Element Analysis; 3.1 Generation of the Incision; 3.2 Generation of a Curvature Map; 4 Parametric Study of Radial Keratotomy; 4.1 Relation with the Incision Length; 4.2 Relation with the Optical Zone; 4.3 Relation with Incision Depth; 4.4 Effect of the Youngś Modulus; 4.5 Relation with the Poissonś Ratio; 4.6 Relation with Intraocular Pressure; 5 Discussion; 6 An Exponential Hyperelastic Material Model for the Corneal Tissue; 7 Exponential Models for Biological Tissues; 7.1 Hyperelastic Nearly Incompressible Exponential Model for the Cornea
7.1.1 Fitting Inflation Tests Using an Inverse Method7.1.2 Fitting Normo-Hydrated Inflation Tests; 7.2 Simulation of Radial Keratotomy; Concluding Remarks; 8 Finite Linear Viscoelastic Model; 9 Constitutive Equations; 9.1 Multiplicative Decomposition of the Deformation Gradient; 9.2 Finite Linear Viscoelasticity; 9.3 Calibration with In Vivo Corneal Experiment; Conclusions; References; Chapter 4: Biomechanics of Subtractive Surgery: From ALK to LASIK; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Development of General Model for an Individual Lamella; 1.2 Corneal Model with Rotational Averaging of Lamella
2 Calibration Studies for the Corneal Model2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Calibration with ALK-H and Inflation Tests; 2.3 Normo-Hydrated Inflation Tests; 2.4 Simulation of RK and Comparison with Clinical Results; 3 Simulation of a Lamellar Surgery; 4 Finite Element Simulations of LASIK; 4.1 Comparison of Attempted and Simulated Correction; 4.2 Undercorrection in PRK and LASIK; 4.3 Undercorrection with the Optical Zone; 4.4 Undercorrection with the Preoperative Curvature; 4.5 Undercorrection with Ablation Depth and Optical Zone; Conclusions; References