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Ligand-Receptor Interactions and Their Implications in Delivering Certain Signaling for Bone Regeneration ; Abstract ; 1 Introduction; 2 The Identification of BMPs as Members of the TGF-β Family; 3 Experimental Models for Evaluating Bone Formation; 4 Regulation of Ligand Modifications; 5 Regulation of Receptor Activation; 6 Regulation by Antagonists; 7 Regulation of Intracellular Signaling Effectors; 8 Cross-Talk with Other Signaling Molecules; 9 Conclusions; References; BMPs and Wnts in Bone and Cartilage Regeneration ; Abstract ; 1 BMP Signaling in Bone and Cartilage Regeneration
1.1 Bmp-21.2 Bmp-4; 1.2.1 Cartilage Repair; 1.2.2 Bone-Tendon-Muscle Interaction; 1.3 Bmp-6; 1.3.1 Cartilage Repair; 1.3.2 Bone Regeneration; 1.4 Bmp-7; 1.4.1 Cartilage Repair and Arthritis; 1.4.2 Meniscus Repair; 1.4.3 Fracture and Spinal Fusion; 1.5 Bmp-9; 1.6 Cross-Talk Between BMP and Wnt Signaling; 2 Wntβ-Catenin Signaling in Bone and Cartilage Regeneration; 2.1 Scl-Ab; 2.1.1 Scl-Ab in Ovariectomy-Induced Bone Loss; 2.1.2 Scl-Ab in Bone Mechanical Strength; 2.1.3 Scl-Ab in Bone Fracture Healing; 2.1.4 Scl-Ab in Osteogenesis Imperfecta; 2.1.5 Potential Side Effect; 2.2 Dkk1-Ab; References
Osteocytes and Bone Regeneration Abstract ; 1 Introduction; 2 Bone Matrix Repair by Osteocytes; 2.1 Osteocyte Apoptosis and Bone Matrix Microdamage; 2.2 Mechanisms of Osteocyte Mediated Matrix Repair; 2.2.1 RANKL Mediated Osteoclastogenesis; 2.2.2 Osteocyte Induction of Angiogenesis; 2.2.3 Osteocytic℗ Osteolysis; 2.2.4 Osteocyte Control of Bone Matrix Mineralisation; 3 Osteocytes in Fracture; 4 Osteocytes as Regulators of Bone Formation; 5 Summary; References; Skeletal Stem Cells for Bone and Cartilage Tissue Regeneration ; Abstract ; 1 Bone Marrow Microenvironment and Bone Marrow Stem Cells
2 MSCs: Road to Clinical Use2.1 MSC Homing to Injured Tissues; 3 Specific Uses of BMSCs in Skeletal Regeneration; 3.1 Fractures and Bone Defects; 3.2 Osteoporosis; 3.3 Cartilage Repair and Rheumatic Diseases; 4 Concluding Remarks; References; Manipulation of Macrophages to Enhance Bone Repair and Regeneration ; Abstract ; 1 Introduction; 2 Role of Inflammation in Bone Healing; 3 Impact of Chronic Inflammation on Bone Healing; 4 Macrophage Polarization as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy; 5 Strategies to Actively Manipulate Macrophage Behavior; 5.1 Cell Delivery; 5.2 Drug and Protein Delivery
5.3 Physical Modification of Scaffold Properties5.4 Selectively Delivery to Macrophages Using Nanoparticles; 6 Conclusions; References; Cartilage Regeneration Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Technologies ; Abstract ; 1 The Structure and Limited Repair Capacity of Cartilage; 2 Cell Transplantation into Articular Cartilage Defects; 3 The Use of iPSC-Derived Chondrocytes; 3.1 Generation of iPSCs; 3.2 Improvement of the Safety of iPSCs; 3.3 Transplantation of iPSC-Derived Chondrocytes into Articular Cartilage Defects of Patients; 3.4 Development of an iPSC Library
1.1 Bmp-21.2 Bmp-4; 1.2.1 Cartilage Repair; 1.2.2 Bone-Tendon-Muscle Interaction; 1.3 Bmp-6; 1.3.1 Cartilage Repair; 1.3.2 Bone Regeneration; 1.4 Bmp-7; 1.4.1 Cartilage Repair and Arthritis; 1.4.2 Meniscus Repair; 1.4.3 Fracture and Spinal Fusion; 1.5 Bmp-9; 1.6 Cross-Talk Between BMP and Wnt Signaling; 2 Wntβ-Catenin Signaling in Bone and Cartilage Regeneration; 2.1 Scl-Ab; 2.1.1 Scl-Ab in Ovariectomy-Induced Bone Loss; 2.1.2 Scl-Ab in Bone Mechanical Strength; 2.1.3 Scl-Ab in Bone Fracture Healing; 2.1.4 Scl-Ab in Osteogenesis Imperfecta; 2.1.5 Potential Side Effect; 2.2 Dkk1-Ab; References
Osteocytes and Bone Regeneration Abstract ; 1 Introduction; 2 Bone Matrix Repair by Osteocytes; 2.1 Osteocyte Apoptosis and Bone Matrix Microdamage; 2.2 Mechanisms of Osteocyte Mediated Matrix Repair; 2.2.1 RANKL Mediated Osteoclastogenesis; 2.2.2 Osteocyte Induction of Angiogenesis; 2.2.3 Osteocytic℗ Osteolysis; 2.2.4 Osteocyte Control of Bone Matrix Mineralisation; 3 Osteocytes in Fracture; 4 Osteocytes as Regulators of Bone Formation; 5 Summary; References; Skeletal Stem Cells for Bone and Cartilage Tissue Regeneration ; Abstract ; 1 Bone Marrow Microenvironment and Bone Marrow Stem Cells
2 MSCs: Road to Clinical Use2.1 MSC Homing to Injured Tissues; 3 Specific Uses of BMSCs in Skeletal Regeneration; 3.1 Fractures and Bone Defects; 3.2 Osteoporosis; 3.3 Cartilage Repair and Rheumatic Diseases; 4 Concluding Remarks; References; Manipulation of Macrophages to Enhance Bone Repair and Regeneration ; Abstract ; 1 Introduction; 2 Role of Inflammation in Bone Healing; 3 Impact of Chronic Inflammation on Bone Healing; 4 Macrophage Polarization as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy; 5 Strategies to Actively Manipulate Macrophage Behavior; 5.1 Cell Delivery; 5.2 Drug and Protein Delivery
5.3 Physical Modification of Scaffold Properties5.4 Selectively Delivery to Macrophages Using Nanoparticles; 6 Conclusions; References; Cartilage Regeneration Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Technologies ; Abstract ; 1 The Structure and Limited Repair Capacity of Cartilage; 2 Cell Transplantation into Articular Cartilage Defects; 3 The Use of iPSC-Derived Chondrocytes; 3.1 Generation of iPSCs; 3.2 Improvement of the Safety of iPSCs; 3.3 Transplantation of iPSC-Derived Chondrocytes into Articular Cartilage Defects of Patients; 3.4 Development of an iPSC Library