Linked e-resources
Details
Table of Contents
Online Videos; Contributors; Part I: Background and Anatomy; 1: Historical Perspective and Importance of PFO; References; 2: Embryology, Neonatal Circulation and Anatomy of PFO; Embryology; Fetal Circulation; Postnatal Circulation; Natural Closure; Consequences of Persistent Patency; Anatomic Variations; Contrast Echocardiography; References; 3: Anatomical Variations of Patent Foramen Ovale; Normal Atrial Septal Embryology and Anatomy; Anatomical Variants of PFO; PFO Size and Tunnel Length; Simple PFO; Complex PFO; Atrial Septal Aneurysm; Tunnel Length
Lipomatous Hypertrophy of the Atrial Septum (LHAS) Chiari Network and Eustachian Valve; Multifenestrated ASA and/or PFO Associated with a Small Atrial Septal Defect; PFO with Distorted Anatomy; Aortic Root Enlargement; References; 4: Aging and Patent Foramen Ovale; The Age-Related History of a PFO; Changes in Infancy; Later in Life; PFO Prevalence Is Reduced with Aging; Stroke Risk with Aging; Treatment of PFO in Older Population; Technical Aspects of PFO Closure in an Older Population; Conclusions; References; Part II: Methods and Techniques for Detection and Characterization of PFO
5: Echocardiographic Detection and Transcranial Doppler Quantification of Right-to-Left ShuntingIntroduction; Echocardiographic Detection and Quantification of Right-To-Left Shunting; Contrast-Transcranial Doppler; Conclusions; Final Recommendations; References; 6: ICE: Intra-Procedural Evaluation and Guidance During Closure of PFO; Introduction; History; Available ICE Systems; Intracardiac Echo Versus TEE; Intracardiac Echo for PFO Closure; Summary; References; 7: A Comparison of Methods to Detect and Quantitate PFO: TCD, TTE, ICE and TEE; Introduction
Transesophageal EchocardiographyProvocative Maneuvers; Contrast Injection; Criteria for Diagnosing an Intracardiac Right-to-Left Shunt; Site of Injection (Antecubital Versus Femoral Vein); Accuracy of TEE for the Detection of PFO; Limitations of TEE; Transthoracic Echocardiography; TTE with Second Harmonic Imaging; Transcranial Doppler; Intracardiac Echocardiogram; Flow Detection System; Cardiac MRI; Post-closure Imaging of Patent Foramen Ovale; References; 8: Angiographic Evaluation for PFO and Pulmonary AVMs; Introduction; Angiographic Imaging of Patent Foramen Ovale; Technique
Angiographic Imaging Considerations in PFO Angiographic Imaging of Residual Shunts Through Previously Placed Devices; Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations (AVM's); Background; Angiographic Imaging; References; Part III: PFO and Clinical Syndromes; 9: An Overview of Clinical Syndromes (Keeping the Heart in Mind); Introduction; Atrial Septal Defects; Migraine; Stroke; Deep Sea Diving; Orthodeoxia/Platypnea; Sleep Apnea; Approach to the Patient with an Intracardiac Shunt; References; 10: The Association of Patent Foramen Ovale and Migraine Headache; Background; Initial Observations
Lipomatous Hypertrophy of the Atrial Septum (LHAS) Chiari Network and Eustachian Valve; Multifenestrated ASA and/or PFO Associated with a Small Atrial Septal Defect; PFO with Distorted Anatomy; Aortic Root Enlargement; References; 4: Aging and Patent Foramen Ovale; The Age-Related History of a PFO; Changes in Infancy; Later in Life; PFO Prevalence Is Reduced with Aging; Stroke Risk with Aging; Treatment of PFO in Older Population; Technical Aspects of PFO Closure in an Older Population; Conclusions; References; Part II: Methods and Techniques for Detection and Characterization of PFO
5: Echocardiographic Detection and Transcranial Doppler Quantification of Right-to-Left ShuntingIntroduction; Echocardiographic Detection and Quantification of Right-To-Left Shunting; Contrast-Transcranial Doppler; Conclusions; Final Recommendations; References; 6: ICE: Intra-Procedural Evaluation and Guidance During Closure of PFO; Introduction; History; Available ICE Systems; Intracardiac Echo Versus TEE; Intracardiac Echo for PFO Closure; Summary; References; 7: A Comparison of Methods to Detect and Quantitate PFO: TCD, TTE, ICE and TEE; Introduction
Transesophageal EchocardiographyProvocative Maneuvers; Contrast Injection; Criteria for Diagnosing an Intracardiac Right-to-Left Shunt; Site of Injection (Antecubital Versus Femoral Vein); Accuracy of TEE for the Detection of PFO; Limitations of TEE; Transthoracic Echocardiography; TTE with Second Harmonic Imaging; Transcranial Doppler; Intracardiac Echocardiogram; Flow Detection System; Cardiac MRI; Post-closure Imaging of Patent Foramen Ovale; References; 8: Angiographic Evaluation for PFO and Pulmonary AVMs; Introduction; Angiographic Imaging of Patent Foramen Ovale; Technique
Angiographic Imaging Considerations in PFO Angiographic Imaging of Residual Shunts Through Previously Placed Devices; Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations (AVM's); Background; Angiographic Imaging; References; Part III: PFO and Clinical Syndromes; 9: An Overview of Clinical Syndromes (Keeping the Heart in Mind); Introduction; Atrial Septal Defects; Migraine; Stroke; Deep Sea Diving; Orthodeoxia/Platypnea; Sleep Apnea; Approach to the Patient with an Intracardiac Shunt; References; 10: The Association of Patent Foramen Ovale and Migraine Headache; Background; Initial Observations