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Dedication; Foreword; Acknowledgment; Contents; Contributors; Part I: Introduction; Chapter 1: Why Is It Important to Continue Studying the Anatomy, Physiology, Sensory Ecology, and Evolution of Howler Monkeys?; 1.1 Introduction; 1.1.1 The Taxonomy, Genetics, and Evolution of Howler Monkeys; 1.1.2 The Anatomy and Physiology of Howlers; 1.1.3 The Ontogeny and Sensory Ecology of Howlers; 1.2 Conclusions; References; Part II: Taxonomy, Genetics, Morphology and Evolution; Chapter 2: Fossil Alouattines and the Origins of Alouatta: Craniodental Diversity and Interrelationships; 2.1 Introduction
2.2 Methods; 2.3 Results; 2.3.1 Craniodental Morphology and Paleontological Synopsis; 2.3.2 Body Size; 2.3.3 Character Analysis; 2.3.3.1 Facial Proportions; 2.3.3.2 Craniofacial Haft; 2.3.3.3 Postorbital Constriction; 2.3.3.4 Cranial Crests; 2.3.3.5 Nuchal Plane; 2.3.3.6 Foramen Magnum; 2.3.3.7 Brain Size and Shape; 2.3.3.8 Basicranial Shape; 2.3.3.9 Incisor Proportions; 2.3.3.10 Molar Relief and Crown Shape; 2.4 Discussion; 2.4.1 Implications: Taxonomic Composition of the Fossil Alouattines and the Problem of Solimoea
2.4.2 Interrelationships, Craniodental Morphology, and Adaptations of Fossil Alouattines; 2.5 Conclusion; References; Chapter 3: The Taxonomy of Howler Monkeys: Integrating Old and New Knowledge from Morphological and Genetic Studies; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Mesoamerican Howler Monkeys; 3.2.1 Alouatta palliata (Gray, 1849); 3.2.2 Alouatta pigra Lawrence, 1933; 3.3 South American Howler Monkeys; 3.3.1 Alouatta caraya (Humboldt, 1812); 3.3.2 Alouatta guariba (Humboldt, 1812); 3.3.3 Alouatta belzebul Group; 3.3.3.1 Alouatta belzebul (Linnaeus, 1766); 3.3.3.2 Alouatta discolor (von Spix, 1823)
3.3.3.3 Alouatta ululata Elliot, 1912; 3.3.4 Alouatta seniculus Group; 3.3.4.1 Alouatta seniculus (Linnaeus, 1766); 3.3.4.2 Alouatta seniculus seniculus (Linnaeus, 1766); 3.3.4.3 Alouatta seniculus juara Elliot, 1910; 3.3.4.4 Alouatta seniculus puruensis Lœnnberg, 1941; 3.3.4.5 Alouatta arctoidea Cabrera, 1940; 3.3.4.6 Alouatta macconnelli Elliot, 1910; 3.3.4.7 Alouatta sara Elliot, 1910; 3.3.4.8 Alouatta nigerrima Lœnnberg, 1941; 3.4 Concluding Remarks; References; Chapter 4: Cytogenetics of Howler Monkeys; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Karyological Features of the Genus Alouatta
4.2.1 Classical Cytogenetic Analysis; 4.2.1.1 Heterochromatin; 4.2.1.2 Microchromosomes; 4.2.1.3 Sex Chromosomes; 4.2.2 Cytomolecular Analysis; 4.3 Concluding Remarks; References; Chapter 5: Hybridization in Howler Monkeys: Current Understanding and Future Directions; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Distribution of Howler Monkey Contact Zones; 5.3 Studies of Hybridization in Howler Monkeys: Mixed Groups and Demographic Features of Syntopic Hybridizing Species; 5.3.1 A. palliata × A. pigra Hybrid Zone in Tabasco, Mexico; 5.3.2 A. caraya × A. guariba Hybrid Zones in Brazil
2.2 Methods; 2.3 Results; 2.3.1 Craniodental Morphology and Paleontological Synopsis; 2.3.2 Body Size; 2.3.3 Character Analysis; 2.3.3.1 Facial Proportions; 2.3.3.2 Craniofacial Haft; 2.3.3.3 Postorbital Constriction; 2.3.3.4 Cranial Crests; 2.3.3.5 Nuchal Plane; 2.3.3.6 Foramen Magnum; 2.3.3.7 Brain Size and Shape; 2.3.3.8 Basicranial Shape; 2.3.3.9 Incisor Proportions; 2.3.3.10 Molar Relief and Crown Shape; 2.4 Discussion; 2.4.1 Implications: Taxonomic Composition of the Fossil Alouattines and the Problem of Solimoea
2.4.2 Interrelationships, Craniodental Morphology, and Adaptations of Fossil Alouattines; 2.5 Conclusion; References; Chapter 3: The Taxonomy of Howler Monkeys: Integrating Old and New Knowledge from Morphological and Genetic Studies; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Mesoamerican Howler Monkeys; 3.2.1 Alouatta palliata (Gray, 1849); 3.2.2 Alouatta pigra Lawrence, 1933; 3.3 South American Howler Monkeys; 3.3.1 Alouatta caraya (Humboldt, 1812); 3.3.2 Alouatta guariba (Humboldt, 1812); 3.3.3 Alouatta belzebul Group; 3.3.3.1 Alouatta belzebul (Linnaeus, 1766); 3.3.3.2 Alouatta discolor (von Spix, 1823)
3.3.3.3 Alouatta ululata Elliot, 1912; 3.3.4 Alouatta seniculus Group; 3.3.4.1 Alouatta seniculus (Linnaeus, 1766); 3.3.4.2 Alouatta seniculus seniculus (Linnaeus, 1766); 3.3.4.3 Alouatta seniculus juara Elliot, 1910; 3.3.4.4 Alouatta seniculus puruensis Lœnnberg, 1941; 3.3.4.5 Alouatta arctoidea Cabrera, 1940; 3.3.4.6 Alouatta macconnelli Elliot, 1910; 3.3.4.7 Alouatta sara Elliot, 1910; 3.3.4.8 Alouatta nigerrima Lœnnberg, 1941; 3.4 Concluding Remarks; References; Chapter 4: Cytogenetics of Howler Monkeys; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Karyological Features of the Genus Alouatta
4.2.1 Classical Cytogenetic Analysis; 4.2.1.1 Heterochromatin; 4.2.1.2 Microchromosomes; 4.2.1.3 Sex Chromosomes; 4.2.2 Cytomolecular Analysis; 4.3 Concluding Remarks; References; Chapter 5: Hybridization in Howler Monkeys: Current Understanding and Future Directions; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Distribution of Howler Monkey Contact Zones; 5.3 Studies of Hybridization in Howler Monkeys: Mixed Groups and Demographic Features of Syntopic Hybridizing Species; 5.3.1 A. palliata × A. pigra Hybrid Zone in Tabasco, Mexico; 5.3.2 A. caraya × A. guariba Hybrid Zones in Brazil