@article{725485,
      recid = {725485},
      author = {Barbieri, Marcello,},
      title = {Code biology a new science of life / [electronic resource]  :},
      pages = {1 online resource.},
      abstract = {The genetic code appeared on Earth at the origin of life,  and the codes of culture arrived almost four billion years  later. For a long time it has been assumed that these are  the only codes that exist in Nature, and if that were true  we would have to conclude that codes are extraordinary  exceptions that appeared only at the beginning and at the  end of the history of life. In reality, various other  organic codes have been discovered in the past few decades  and it is likely that more will come to light in the  future. The existence of many organic codes in Nature is  therefore an experimental fact, but also more than that. It  is one of those facts that have extraordinary implications.  In this book it is shown that the genetic code was a  precondition for the origin of the first cells, the signal  transduction codes divided the first cells into three  primary kingdoms (Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya), the  splicing codes were instrumental to the origin of the  eukaryotic nucleus, the histone code provided a new  regulation system in eukaryotic genomes, and the  cytoskeleton codes allowed the Eukarya to perform internal  movements, including those of mitosis and meiosis. It is  shown, furthermore, that organic codes had a key role in  multicellular life, in particular in the origin of animals,  the origin of mind and the origin of language. The great  events of macroevolution, in other words, were associated  with the appearance of new organic codes, and we can easily  understand why. The reason is that a new code brings into  existence something that has never existed before because  it creates arbitrary associations, relationships that are  not determined by physical necessity. Another outstanding  implication is the fact that codes involve meaning and we  need therefore to introduce in biology, with the standard  methods of science, not only the concept of biological  information but also that of biological meaning. The  research on biological codes, in conclusion, is bringing to  light new mechanisms in evolution and new fundamental  concepts in science. This research is the field of Code  Biology, the study of all codes of life, from the genetic  code to the codes of culture, from the origin of life to  the origin of man.},
      url = {http://library.usi.edu/record/725485},
      doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14535-8},
}