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Supervisor's Foreword; Abstract; Acknowledgments; Contents; Figures; Tables; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Research Background and Significance; 1.2 Current Research Status; 1.2.1 Land Surface Evapotranspiration Models; 1.2.1.1 Ground Measurement-Based ET Models; 1.2.1.2 Remote Sensing-Based ET Models; 1.2.2 Current Issues; 1.3 Research Outline; References; 2 Comparison of Dual-Source Evapotranspiration Models in Estimating Potential Evaporation and Transpiration; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Evapotranspiration Models; 2.2.1 Penman-Monteith Model; 2.2.2 Shuttleworth-Wallace Model; 2.2.3 Two-Patch Model
2.2.4 TVET Model2.3 Comparison Setups; 2.4 Results and Discussion; 2.4.1 Surfaces with Full Vegetation Cover (Case A); 2.4.2 Surfaces with Uniform and Partial Vegetation Cover (Case B); 2.4.3 Surfaces with Non-uniform and Partial Vegetation Cover (Case C); 2.5 Conclusion; References; 3 A Hybrid Dual-Source Model of Estimating Evapotranspiration over Different Ecosystems; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Model Development; 3.3 Data and Model Evaluation Criteria; 3.3.1 Study Site and Data; 3.3.2 Evaluation of Model Performance; 3.4 Results and Discussion; 3.4.1 Model Validation
3.4.2 Comparison with Other Models3.4.3 Evapotranspiration Components (E and T) and Its Vegetation Controls; 3.4.4 Advantages of the Hybrid Dual-Source Model; 3.5 Conclusion; References; 4 A Hybrid Dual-Source Scheme Based Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum Model (HDS-SPAC) for Water and Heat Dynamics; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Model Development; 4.2.1 Surface Energy Budget; 4.2.2 Canopy Interception; 4.2.3 Soil Water/Heat Dynamics; 4.2.4 Root Water Uptake; 4.2.5 Outline of Calculation Procedure and Numerical Solution; 4.3 Model Application in Agricultural Ecosystem; 4.3.1 Site and Data
4.3.2 Results and Discussion4.3.2.1 Evaporation and Transpiration; 4.3.2.2 Canopy Interception; 4.3.2.3 Soil Water Content; 4.3.2.4 Soil Temperature; 4.4 Model Application in Natural Forest Ecosystem; 4.4.1 Site and Data; 4.4.2 Determination of the Stress Function for Root Water Uptake; 4.4.3 Results and Discussion; 4.5 Conclusion; References; 5 A Hybrid Dual-Source Scheme and Trapezoid Framework Based Evapotranspiration Model (HTEM) Using Satellite Images; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Model Development; 5.2.1 Hybrid Dual-Source Scheme
5.2.2 Vegetation Index-Land Surface Temperature Trapezoidal Space5.3 Model Validation at SMACEX (USA); 5.3.1 Site and Data; 5.3.2 Results; 5.3.2.1 Validation at Flux Sites; 5.3.2.2 Spatial Distribution of Estimated LE from HTEM; 5.3.3 Comparison with Other Models; 5.3.4 Sensitivity Analysis; 5.4 Model Validation at Weishan (China); 5.4.1 Site and Data; 5.4.2 Results; 5.4.2.1 Validation at Flux Site; 5.4.2.2 Processes of Evaporation and Transpiration; 5.4.3 Comparison with Other Models; 5.5 Conclusion; References
2.2.4 TVET Model2.3 Comparison Setups; 2.4 Results and Discussion; 2.4.1 Surfaces with Full Vegetation Cover (Case A); 2.4.2 Surfaces with Uniform and Partial Vegetation Cover (Case B); 2.4.3 Surfaces with Non-uniform and Partial Vegetation Cover (Case C); 2.5 Conclusion; References; 3 A Hybrid Dual-Source Model of Estimating Evapotranspiration over Different Ecosystems; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Model Development; 3.3 Data and Model Evaluation Criteria; 3.3.1 Study Site and Data; 3.3.2 Evaluation of Model Performance; 3.4 Results and Discussion; 3.4.1 Model Validation
3.4.2 Comparison with Other Models3.4.3 Evapotranspiration Components (E and T) and Its Vegetation Controls; 3.4.4 Advantages of the Hybrid Dual-Source Model; 3.5 Conclusion; References; 4 A Hybrid Dual-Source Scheme Based Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum Model (HDS-SPAC) for Water and Heat Dynamics; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Model Development; 4.2.1 Surface Energy Budget; 4.2.2 Canopy Interception; 4.2.3 Soil Water/Heat Dynamics; 4.2.4 Root Water Uptake; 4.2.5 Outline of Calculation Procedure and Numerical Solution; 4.3 Model Application in Agricultural Ecosystem; 4.3.1 Site and Data
4.3.2 Results and Discussion4.3.2.1 Evaporation and Transpiration; 4.3.2.2 Canopy Interception; 4.3.2.3 Soil Water Content; 4.3.2.4 Soil Temperature; 4.4 Model Application in Natural Forest Ecosystem; 4.4.1 Site and Data; 4.4.2 Determination of the Stress Function for Root Water Uptake; 4.4.3 Results and Discussion; 4.5 Conclusion; References; 5 A Hybrid Dual-Source Scheme and Trapezoid Framework Based Evapotranspiration Model (HTEM) Using Satellite Images; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Model Development; 5.2.1 Hybrid Dual-Source Scheme
5.2.2 Vegetation Index-Land Surface Temperature Trapezoidal Space5.3 Model Validation at SMACEX (USA); 5.3.1 Site and Data; 5.3.2 Results; 5.3.2.1 Validation at Flux Sites; 5.3.2.2 Spatial Distribution of Estimated LE from HTEM; 5.3.3 Comparison with Other Models; 5.3.4 Sensitivity Analysis; 5.4 Model Validation at Weishan (China); 5.4.1 Site and Data; 5.4.2 Results; 5.4.2.1 Validation at Flux Site; 5.4.2.2 Processes of Evaporation and Transpiration; 5.4.3 Comparison with Other Models; 5.5 Conclusion; References