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Foreword; Contents; 1 Volcanic Lakes; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 A Genetic Classification of Volcanic Lakes; 2.1 Crater Lake (Code: G1, R1, T1, L1); 2.2 Caldera Lake (Code: G1, R1, T0, L1); 2.3 Maar-Diatreme Lakes (Code: G0, R1, T1, L1); 2.4 Geothermal Lake (Code: G0-1, R1, T1, L0-1); 2.5 Lake in a Volcanic Environment (Code: G1, R0, T0, L0); 2.6 Lakes Dammed by Volcanic Deposits (Code: G0-1, R0-1, T0-1, L0); 2.7 Volcanic Lakes After Snowmelting (Code: G0-1, R1, T1, L1); 2.8 Volcanic Lake (Code: G0-1, R0-1, T0-1, L0-1); 3 Classifying Volcanic Lakes from the Water Chemistry Perspective
4 Limnology5 Volcanic Lake Colors; 6 Statement of This Monograph; References; 2 Volcano-Hydrologic Hazards from Volcanic Lakes; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Classification of Hazards Associated with Volcanic Lakes; 2 Subaqueous Explosive Volcanism; 2.1 Surtseyan Jets; 2.2 Base Surges; 2.3 Seiches; 2.4 Atmospheric Effects
Rain and Lightning; 3 Volcanic Tsunamis; 3.1 Explosion-Generated Tsunamis; 3.2 Pyroclastic Flow-Generated; 3.3 Debris Avalanches/Landslide-Triggered; 3.4 Lahar-Triggered; 3.5 Earthquake-Triggered; 4 Limnic Gas Eruptions; 5 Volcanogenic Floods from Volcanic Lakes
5.1 Eruption-Triggered Lahars5.2 Floods Triggered by Tsunami; 5.3 Floods Triggered by Lake Floor Displacement; 5.4 Jökulhlaups; 6 Non-volcanogenic Floods from Volcanic Lakes; 6.1 Crater Lakes; 6.2 Caldera Lakes; 6.3 Pyroclastic Dams; 6.4 Lava Flow Dams; 6.5 Debris Avalanche Dams; 6.6 Lahar Dams; 6.7 Composite Dams; 7 Discussion; 7.1 Mitigation; 7.1.1 Engineering Interventions; 7.1.2 Limnic Gas Eruptions; 8 Conclusions; Acknowledgments; References; 3 Mechanisms of Crater Lake Breaching Eruptions; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Physical Mechanisms of Crater Lake Breaching Eruptions
2.1 Phreatomagmatic Eruptions2.2 Phreatic Eruptions; 2.3 Hydrothermal Eruptions; 2.4 Geyser-like Eruptions; 3 Non-eruptive Unstable Draining Lakes; 4 Numerical Modeling of Crater Lake Breaching Eruptions; 5 Conclusions; Acknowledgments; References; 4 The Chemical Composition and Evolution of Volcanic Lakes; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Chemical Composition of Volcanic Lakes; 3 The REE in Volcanic Lakes; 4 Long-Term Compositional Lake Water Trends and Lake Dynamics; 5 Isotopes in Volcanic Lakes; 6 Volcanic Contaminants in Lakes and Outlets; 7 Conclusions; Acknowledgments; References
5 Gases in Volcanic Lake EnvironmentsAbstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Origins of Gases in Volcanic Lake Systems; 2.1 Magmatic Gases and Processes; 2.1.1 Major Component Species; Hydrogen; Carbon; Sulfur; Halogens; 2.1.2 Minor and Trace Gases; 2.1.3 Gas Solubility in Magma; 2.2 Hydrothermal Gases and Processes; 2.2.1 Redox State; 2.2.2 Aqueous Solubility of Gases in the Hydrothermal Environment; 2.3 Meteoric Gases; 2.4 Biogenic Gases; 2.4.1 CO2; 2.4.2 CH4; 2.4.3 N2; 2.4.4 O2; 2.4.5 H2; 3 Chemical and Physical Models of Sub-lake Environments; 3.1 Gas-Groundwater Interaction
4 Limnology5 Volcanic Lake Colors; 6 Statement of This Monograph; References; 2 Volcano-Hydrologic Hazards from Volcanic Lakes; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Classification of Hazards Associated with Volcanic Lakes; 2 Subaqueous Explosive Volcanism; 2.1 Surtseyan Jets; 2.2 Base Surges; 2.3 Seiches; 2.4 Atmospheric Effects
Rain and Lightning; 3 Volcanic Tsunamis; 3.1 Explosion-Generated Tsunamis; 3.2 Pyroclastic Flow-Generated; 3.3 Debris Avalanches/Landslide-Triggered; 3.4 Lahar-Triggered; 3.5 Earthquake-Triggered; 4 Limnic Gas Eruptions; 5 Volcanogenic Floods from Volcanic Lakes
5.1 Eruption-Triggered Lahars5.2 Floods Triggered by Tsunami; 5.3 Floods Triggered by Lake Floor Displacement; 5.4 Jökulhlaups; 6 Non-volcanogenic Floods from Volcanic Lakes; 6.1 Crater Lakes; 6.2 Caldera Lakes; 6.3 Pyroclastic Dams; 6.4 Lava Flow Dams; 6.5 Debris Avalanche Dams; 6.6 Lahar Dams; 6.7 Composite Dams; 7 Discussion; 7.1 Mitigation; 7.1.1 Engineering Interventions; 7.1.2 Limnic Gas Eruptions; 8 Conclusions; Acknowledgments; References; 3 Mechanisms of Crater Lake Breaching Eruptions; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Physical Mechanisms of Crater Lake Breaching Eruptions
2.1 Phreatomagmatic Eruptions2.2 Phreatic Eruptions; 2.3 Hydrothermal Eruptions; 2.4 Geyser-like Eruptions; 3 Non-eruptive Unstable Draining Lakes; 4 Numerical Modeling of Crater Lake Breaching Eruptions; 5 Conclusions; Acknowledgments; References; 4 The Chemical Composition and Evolution of Volcanic Lakes; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Chemical Composition of Volcanic Lakes; 3 The REE in Volcanic Lakes; 4 Long-Term Compositional Lake Water Trends and Lake Dynamics; 5 Isotopes in Volcanic Lakes; 6 Volcanic Contaminants in Lakes and Outlets; 7 Conclusions; Acknowledgments; References
5 Gases in Volcanic Lake EnvironmentsAbstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Origins of Gases in Volcanic Lake Systems; 2.1 Magmatic Gases and Processes; 2.1.1 Major Component Species; Hydrogen; Carbon; Sulfur; Halogens; 2.1.2 Minor and Trace Gases; 2.1.3 Gas Solubility in Magma; 2.2 Hydrothermal Gases and Processes; 2.2.1 Redox State; 2.2.2 Aqueous Solubility of Gases in the Hydrothermal Environment; 2.3 Meteoric Gases; 2.4 Biogenic Gases; 2.4.1 CO2; 2.4.2 CH4; 2.4.3 N2; 2.4.4 O2; 2.4.5 H2; 3 Chemical and Physical Models of Sub-lake Environments; 3.1 Gas-Groundwater Interaction