Acknowledgments; Contents; About the Authors; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Challenges in Healthcare; 1.2 Process Mining: Data Science in Action; 1.3 Applying Process Mining to Healthcare Processes; 1.4 Outlook; References; 2 Healthcare Processes; 2.1 Different Levels of Care; 2.2 Classification of Healthcare Processes; 2.3 Four Types of Questions; References; 3 Process Mining; 3.1 Event Data and Process Models; 3.2 Three Types of Process Mining; 3.3 The Process Mining Spectrum; 3.4 Tool Support; References; 4 Healthcare Reference Model; 4.1 Development Approach; 4.2 The Model

4.2.1 General Patient and Case Data4.2.2 Process Steps; 4.2.3 Medication; 4.2.4 Patient Transport; 4.2.5 Radiology; 4.2.6 Document Data; 4.2.7 Organization and Buildings; 4.2.8 Nursing Plans; 4.2.9 Pathways; 4.3 Validation; References; 5 Applications of Process Mining; 5.1 Data Set from the Maastricht University Medical Center; 5.2 Data Set from the Academic Medical Center; 5.3 Process Mining Use Cases; 5.3.1 Use Case 1: Exploring Selections of Events; 5.3.2 Use Case 2: Identifying and Quantifying Deviations; 5.3.3 Use Case 3: Identifying and Quantifying Bottlenecks

5.3.4 Use Case 4: Drilling Down5.3.5 Use Case 5: Healthcare Process Comparison; 5.3.6 Use Case 6: Context-Aware Process Mining; 5.3.7 Outlook; References; 6 Data Quality Issues; 6.1 Classification of Event Log Quality Issues; 6.2 Evaluation of Data Quality Issues; 6.3 Improving Data Quality: Guidelines of Logging; 6.4 Garbage-In Garbage-Out; References; 7 Epilogue