1 Geological Characteristics of Coal; Abstract; 1.1 Coal Formation; 1.1.1 Components of Coal Formation; 1.1.1.1 Saccharides and Derivatives; 1.1.1.2 Lignins; 1.1.1.3 Proteins; 1.1.1.4 Lipids; 1.1.1.5 Coal Types; 1.1.2 Formation of Humic Coal; 1.1.2.1 Paludification Stage; 1.1.2.2 Coalification Stage; 1.2 Classification of Coal; 1.2.1 Peat; 1.2.2 Lignite; 1.2.3 Bituminous Coal; 1.2.4 Anthracite; 1.2.5 Technical Classification of Coal in China; 1.2.6 Coal Resources and Distribution in China; 1.3 Coal Macerals; 1.3.1 Coal Lithotype; 1.3.2 Organic Macerals of Coal

1.3.2.1 General Description of Various Organic Macerals1.3.2.2 Classification and Nomenclature of Organic Macerals; 1.3.2.3 Genesis of Organic Macerals; 1.3.3 Inorganic Macerals; 1.3.4 Separation and Enrichment of Coal Macerals; 1.3.5 Quantitative Analysis of Coal Macerals; 1.3.6 Chemical Composition of Coal Macerals; 1.3.7 Relationship Between Coal Type and Rank; References; 2 Physical Characteristics of Coal; Abstract; 2.1 Physical Properties of Coal; 2.1.1 Mechanical Properties of Coal; 2.1.1.1 Mechanical Strength; 2.1.1.2 Density; 2.1.1.3 Hardness; 2.1.1.4 Elasticity

2.1.2 Thermal Properties of Coal2.1.2.1 Thermal Conductivity; 2.1.2.2 Specific Heat; 2.1.3 Optical Properties of Coal; 2.1.3.1 Coal Reflectivity; 2.1.3.2 Refractive Index of Coal; 2.1.4 Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Coal; 2.1.4.1 Coal Conductivity; 2.1.4.2 Dielectric Constant of Coal; 2.1.4.3 Magnetic Properties of Coal; 2.1.5 Surface Properties of Coal; 2.1.5.1 Classification and Forms of Pores in Coal; 2.1.5.2 Pore Size and Distribution in Coal; 2.1.5.3 Coal Surface Area; 2.1.5.4 Distribution of Porosity and Pore Size in Coal; 2.1.5.5 Coal Wettability; 2.1.5.6 Heat of Coal Wetting

2.1.6 Coal Models2.1.6.1 Hirsch Model; 2.1.6.2 Two-Phase Model; 2.2 Physical Methods for Coal Structure Characterization; 2.2.1 Infrared Spectroscopy; 2.2.1.1 Infrared Spectroscopic Studies of Functional Groups in Coal; Ratio of Aromatic to Aliphatic Hydrogens; Length of CH2 Chain; 2.2.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; 2.2.3 X-ray Diffraction; 2.2.4 Small-Angle X-ray Scattering; 2.2.5 Electron Microscopy; 2.2.6 Surface Methods; 2.2.6.1 Gas Adsorption; 2.2.6.2 Mercury Porosimetry; 2.2.6.3 Case Study of Coal Surface Characterization; 2.3 Statistical Constitution Analysis

2.3.1 Coal Structural Parameters2.3.2 Principle of Statistical Constitution Analysis; References; 3 Chemical Characteristics of Coal; Abstract; 3.1 Chemical Properties; 3.1.1 Moisture in Coal; 3.1.1.1 Surface Moisture; 3.1.1.2 Inherent Moisture; 3.1.2 Mineral Matter and Ash in Coal; 3.1.2.1 Sources of Minerals in Coal; 3.1.2.2 Calculation and Determination of Coal Mineral Contents; 3.1.2.3 Composition of Ash in Coal; 3.1.3 Volatile Matter and Fixed Carbon in Coal; 3.1.3.1 Volatile Matter; 3.1.3.2 Fixed Carbon; 3.1.3.3 Volatile Matter/Fixed Carbon and Coal Rank; 3.1.4 Elemental Composition