Linked e-resources
Details
Table of Contents
Preface; Acknowledgment; Contents; 1: Clinical Anatomy of the Orbit and Periorbital Area; 1.1 Bones Forming the Orbit; 1.2 Soft Tissues of the Orbit; 1.3 Blood Supply to the Orbit; 1.4 Characteristics of the Cranial Nerves Involved in Innervation of the Orbital Complex; 1.5 Anatomy of Paranasal Sinuses; 1.6 Anatomy of the Temporal, Infratemporal, and Pterygopalatine Fossae; References; Further Reading; 2: Radiological Examination of the Orbit; 2.1 CT and MRI Anatomy of the Orbit; References; 3: Orbital Floor Fractures; 3.1 Epidemiology of Orbital Traumas
3.2 Classification of Orbital Fractures3.3 Blow-Out Orbital Floor Fractures; 3.3.1 Mechanisms of a Blow-Out Fracture of the Orbital Floor; 3.3.2 Classification of Blow-Out Fractures of the Orbital Floor; 3.3.3 Diagnosis of Blow-Out Orbital Floor Fractures; 3.3.4 Management of Blow-Out Fractures of the Orbital Floor; 3.3.4.1 Indications for Surgery; 3.3.4.2 Approaches to the Orbital Floor; Endoscopic Approaches to the Orbital Floor; The Transantral Approach; 3.3.5 Subsequent Surgery Steps; 3.3.5.1 The Release of the Entrapped Tissues and Closing the Bone Defect
3.3.6 Characteristics of Different Graft Materials3.3.6.1 Autografts; 3.3.6.2 Allografts; 3.3.6.3 Exgrafts; 3.3.6.4 Xenografts; 3.4 Complications of Blow-Out Fractures of the Orbital Floor and Their Surgical Repair; 3.4.1 Orbital Hematoma; 3.4.1.1 The Treatment Algorithm; 3.4.2 Orbital Emphysema; 3.4.3 Infectious Complications; 3.4.3.1 Clinical Presentation; 3.4.3.2 Treatment; 3.4.4 Late Implant Infection; 3.4.5 Optic Neuropathy; 3.4.6 Diplopia; 3.4.6.1 Definition and Classification; 3.4.6.2 Degree of Diplopia; 3.4.6.3 Epidemiology of Diplopia; 3.4.6.4 Risk Factors of Persistent Diplopia
3.4.6.5 Treatment of Diplopia3.4.7 Enophthalmos; 3.4.7.1 Epidemiology of Enophthalmos; Rare Reasons for Late Enophthalmos; 3.4.8 Infraorbital Nerve Neuropathy; 3.4.8.1 Infraorbital Nerve Hyperesthesia; 3.4.8.2 Abnormal Pupillary Response; 3.4.9 Cyst Formation Around an Implant; 3.4.10 Sino-orbital Fistula; 3.4.11 Implant Migration; 3.4.12 Dislocation of the Globe into the Maxillary Sinus; 3.4.13 Upper Eyelid Retraction; 3.4.14 Complications Caused by Using the Approach to the Orbital Floor; 3.5 Linear-Type Fracture of the Orbital Floor; 3.5.1 The Mechanism of Trapdoor Fracture Formation
3.5.2 Clinical Presentation3.5.3 Treatment; 3.5.3.1 Surgical Strategy for the Trapdoor Fracture; 3.6 Blow-In Orbital Floor Fracture; 3.6.1 Treatment; References; 4: Medial Wall Fractures; 4.1 Isolated "Trap-Door" Fracture; 4.2 Isolated Comminuted and Punched-Out Fractures; 4.3 Inferomedial Fracture; 4.4 Radiological Signs; 4.5 Treatment of the Medial Wall Fractures; 4.6 Further Surgical Steps; References; 5: Naso-Orbito-Ethmoid Fractures; 5.1 Introduction to Midface (Naso-Orbito-Ethmoid) Fractures; 5.2 Definition of a Naso-Orbito-Ethmoid Fracture; 5.3 Classification of NOE Fractures
3.2 Classification of Orbital Fractures3.3 Blow-Out Orbital Floor Fractures; 3.3.1 Mechanisms of a Blow-Out Fracture of the Orbital Floor; 3.3.2 Classification of Blow-Out Fractures of the Orbital Floor; 3.3.3 Diagnosis of Blow-Out Orbital Floor Fractures; 3.3.4 Management of Blow-Out Fractures of the Orbital Floor; 3.3.4.1 Indications for Surgery; 3.3.4.2 Approaches to the Orbital Floor; Endoscopic Approaches to the Orbital Floor; The Transantral Approach; 3.3.5 Subsequent Surgery Steps; 3.3.5.1 The Release of the Entrapped Tissues and Closing the Bone Defect
3.3.6 Characteristics of Different Graft Materials3.3.6.1 Autografts; 3.3.6.2 Allografts; 3.3.6.3 Exgrafts; 3.3.6.4 Xenografts; 3.4 Complications of Blow-Out Fractures of the Orbital Floor and Their Surgical Repair; 3.4.1 Orbital Hematoma; 3.4.1.1 The Treatment Algorithm; 3.4.2 Orbital Emphysema; 3.4.3 Infectious Complications; 3.4.3.1 Clinical Presentation; 3.4.3.2 Treatment; 3.4.4 Late Implant Infection; 3.4.5 Optic Neuropathy; 3.4.6 Diplopia; 3.4.6.1 Definition and Classification; 3.4.6.2 Degree of Diplopia; 3.4.6.3 Epidemiology of Diplopia; 3.4.6.4 Risk Factors of Persistent Diplopia
3.4.6.5 Treatment of Diplopia3.4.7 Enophthalmos; 3.4.7.1 Epidemiology of Enophthalmos; Rare Reasons for Late Enophthalmos; 3.4.8 Infraorbital Nerve Neuropathy; 3.4.8.1 Infraorbital Nerve Hyperesthesia; 3.4.8.2 Abnormal Pupillary Response; 3.4.9 Cyst Formation Around an Implant; 3.4.10 Sino-orbital Fistula; 3.4.11 Implant Migration; 3.4.12 Dislocation of the Globe into the Maxillary Sinus; 3.4.13 Upper Eyelid Retraction; 3.4.14 Complications Caused by Using the Approach to the Orbital Floor; 3.5 Linear-Type Fracture of the Orbital Floor; 3.5.1 The Mechanism of Trapdoor Fracture Formation
3.5.2 Clinical Presentation3.5.3 Treatment; 3.5.3.1 Surgical Strategy for the Trapdoor Fracture; 3.6 Blow-In Orbital Floor Fracture; 3.6.1 Treatment; References; 4: Medial Wall Fractures; 4.1 Isolated "Trap-Door" Fracture; 4.2 Isolated Comminuted and Punched-Out Fractures; 4.3 Inferomedial Fracture; 4.4 Radiological Signs; 4.5 Treatment of the Medial Wall Fractures; 4.6 Further Surgical Steps; References; 5: Naso-Orbito-Ethmoid Fractures; 5.1 Introduction to Midface (Naso-Orbito-Ethmoid) Fractures; 5.2 Definition of a Naso-Orbito-Ethmoid Fracture; 5.3 Classification of NOE Fractures