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Preface; Contents; Contributors; Abbreviations; 1 General Introduction ; Abstract ; 1.1 Geography and Topography; 1.2 History of Hydrographic Surveys; 1.3 CREAMS Program; 1.3.1 Important Findings Before CREAMS; 1.3.2 CREAMS Studies; 1.3.2.1 Important Discovery I: Oceanic Structures; 1.3.2.2 Important Discovery II: Dramatic Structural Changes in the East Sea; 1.3.3 Globalization of East Sea Studies; 1.3.3.1 The Birth of CREAMS-II; 1.3.3.2 CREAMSPICES EAST (East Asian Seas Time Series)-I Program; 1.3.3.3 IPCC 4th Report and Nobel Peace Prize, 2007; 1.3.4 Concluding Remarks
1.4 Recent Observational Programs1.4.1 Surface Drifters; 1.4.2 Argo (Array for Real-Time Geostrophic Oceanography); 1.4.3 Moored Current Observations; 1.4.4 Satellite Oceanography; References; 2 Forcings ; Abstract ; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Surface Wind; 2.2.1 Accuracy of Satellite Scatterometer Wind Vectors; 2.2.2 Spatial and Temporal Variability of Near-Surface Winds; 2.2.3 Wind Stress and Its Curl; 2.3 Surface Heat Flux; 2.3.1 Comparison of Heat Flux Estimates; 2.3.2 Temporal Variations; 2.3.3 Spatial Distribution; 2.4 Boundary Flux; 2.4.1 Korea Strait; 2.4.2 Tsugaru Strait and Soya Strait
2.4.3 Long-Term Variability2.5 Summary and Discussion; References; 3 Water Masses and Their Long-Term Variability ; Abstract ; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Sea Surface Temperature and Mixed Layer Depth; 3.2.1 Sea Surface Temperature; 3.2.2 Surface Front; 3.2.3 Mixed Layer Depth; 3.3 Water Masses; 3.3.1 Upper Ocean Water Masses; 3.3.1.1 Tsushima Warm Water; 3.3.2 Intermediate Waters; 3.3.2.1 East Sea Intermediate Water; 3.3.2.2 High Salinity Intermediate Water; 3.3.2.3 North Korea Cold Water; 3.3.2.4 Korea Strait Bottom Cold Water; 3.3.3 Central Water, Deep Water, and Bottom Water
3.4 Long-Term Variability of Water Properties3.4.1 Water Masses in Change; 3.4.2 Interannual and Decadal Variation of the Upper Ocean; 3.4.2.1 Upper Ocean Temperature; 3.4.2.2 Sea Surface Height; 3.5 Summary and Remaining Questions; References; 4 Circulation ; Abstract ; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Near-Surface Circulation; 4.2.1 Mean Surface Current; 4.2.2 Variability of the Surface Current and the Subpolar Front; 4.2.3 Coastal Upwelling; 4.3 Mesoscale Eddies; 4.3.1 Characteristics of Eddies; 4.3.2 Evolution of the Ulleung Warm Eddy; 4.4 Thermohaline Circulation
4.4.1 Rates of Water Mass Formation4.4.2 Deep Currents and Circulation; 4.4.2.1 Mean Currents; 4.4.2.2 Temporal Variability; 4.5 Dynamical Aspects; 4.5.1 How Is the Tsushima Warm Current Driven?; 4.5.2 How Are the Branches of the Tsushima Warm Current Formed?; 4.5.3 What Is the Role of Local Forcing?; 4.5.4 How Is the Deep Layer Circulation Driven?; 4.6 Numerical Modeling Studies of Circulation; 4.6.1 Numerical Simulations; 4.6.2 Data Assimilation and Forecasting Systems; 4.7 Summary and Discussion; References; 5 High-Frequency Variability: Basin-Scale Oscillations and Internal WavesTides
1.4 Recent Observational Programs1.4.1 Surface Drifters; 1.4.2 Argo (Array for Real-Time Geostrophic Oceanography); 1.4.3 Moored Current Observations; 1.4.4 Satellite Oceanography; References; 2 Forcings ; Abstract ; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Surface Wind; 2.2.1 Accuracy of Satellite Scatterometer Wind Vectors; 2.2.2 Spatial and Temporal Variability of Near-Surface Winds; 2.2.3 Wind Stress and Its Curl; 2.3 Surface Heat Flux; 2.3.1 Comparison of Heat Flux Estimates; 2.3.2 Temporal Variations; 2.3.3 Spatial Distribution; 2.4 Boundary Flux; 2.4.1 Korea Strait; 2.4.2 Tsugaru Strait and Soya Strait
2.4.3 Long-Term Variability2.5 Summary and Discussion; References; 3 Water Masses and Their Long-Term Variability ; Abstract ; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Sea Surface Temperature and Mixed Layer Depth; 3.2.1 Sea Surface Temperature; 3.2.2 Surface Front; 3.2.3 Mixed Layer Depth; 3.3 Water Masses; 3.3.1 Upper Ocean Water Masses; 3.3.1.1 Tsushima Warm Water; 3.3.2 Intermediate Waters; 3.3.2.1 East Sea Intermediate Water; 3.3.2.2 High Salinity Intermediate Water; 3.3.2.3 North Korea Cold Water; 3.3.2.4 Korea Strait Bottom Cold Water; 3.3.3 Central Water, Deep Water, and Bottom Water
3.4 Long-Term Variability of Water Properties3.4.1 Water Masses in Change; 3.4.2 Interannual and Decadal Variation of the Upper Ocean; 3.4.2.1 Upper Ocean Temperature; 3.4.2.2 Sea Surface Height; 3.5 Summary and Remaining Questions; References; 4 Circulation ; Abstract ; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Near-Surface Circulation; 4.2.1 Mean Surface Current; 4.2.2 Variability of the Surface Current and the Subpolar Front; 4.2.3 Coastal Upwelling; 4.3 Mesoscale Eddies; 4.3.1 Characteristics of Eddies; 4.3.2 Evolution of the Ulleung Warm Eddy; 4.4 Thermohaline Circulation
4.4.1 Rates of Water Mass Formation4.4.2 Deep Currents and Circulation; 4.4.2.1 Mean Currents; 4.4.2.2 Temporal Variability; 4.5 Dynamical Aspects; 4.5.1 How Is the Tsushima Warm Current Driven?; 4.5.2 How Are the Branches of the Tsushima Warm Current Formed?; 4.5.3 What Is the Role of Local Forcing?; 4.5.4 How Is the Deep Layer Circulation Driven?; 4.6 Numerical Modeling Studies of Circulation; 4.6.1 Numerical Simulations; 4.6.2 Data Assimilation and Forecasting Systems; 4.7 Summary and Discussion; References; 5 High-Frequency Variability: Basin-Scale Oscillations and Internal WavesTides