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Preface; Contributors; About the Editors; Overture: The Early History of PBI/Phosphoric Acid Membranes; 1: Introduction; 2: Modifications of Sulfonic Acid-Based Membranes; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Composites Membranes Containing Inorganic Fillers; 2.2.1 Composite Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membranes for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells; 2.2.2 Composite Hydrocarbon Membranes for DMFCs; 2.2.3 Short-Side Chain PFSA Membranes for DMFCs; 2.3 Composite PFSA Membranes for Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells; 2.4 Composite and Modified PFSA Membranes for Intermediate Temperature PEM Electrolysis
2.4.1 General Aspect of PEM Electrolysis2.4.2 Intermediate Temperature PEM Electrolysis; 2.4.3 Short-Side Chain Membranes for PEM Water Electrolysis; 2.5 SSC-PFSA Membranes; 2.6 Conclusions; References; 3: Acid-Base Chemistry and Proton Conductivity; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Thermodynamics of Acid-Base Chemistry; 3.3 Hydrogen Bonds; 3.3.1 Hydrogen Bonds and Their Correlation with DeltapKa; 3.3.2 Degree of Proton Transfer of Carboxylic Acid and N-Base Systems; 3.4 Ionicity of Protic Liquids and Solids; 3.4.1 Protic Ionic Liquids; 3.4.2 Protic Solid Crystals; 3.4.3 1H NMR Chemical Shift
3.5 The Walden Rule and Grotthuss Mechanism3.6 Acid-Base Polymer Membranes; 3.6.1 Acid-Doped Polybase Membranes; 3.6.2 Base-Doped Acidic Polymer Membranes; 3.6.3 Polyacid-Polybase Membranes; 3.6.4 Malfunction of Phosphoric Acid-Doped Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acid Membranes; 3.7 Acid-Base Interactions in Inorganic Solid Acids; 3.8 Conclusive Remarks; References; 4: Applications of Acid-Base Blend Concepts to Intermediate Temperature Membranes; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 State of the Art of the Application of Acid-Base Blend Concepts
4.3 Short Comparative Study of the Stability and Properties of PBI-Type Membranes4.3.1 Thermal Stability of the Blend Membranes; 4.3.2 Cross-linking Degree/Insoluble Fraction by Immersion in 90C Hot DMAc; 4.3.3 Proton Conductivity of H3PO4-Doped Membranes; 4.4 Conclusions; References; 5: Pyridine Containing Aromatic Polyether Membranes; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Synthesis of Linear Aromatic Polyethers Containing Main Chain Pyridine Units; 5.3 Side Group Functionalized Linear Aromatic Polyethers Containing Main Chain Pyridine Units
5.4 Cross-Linked Aromatic Polyethers Bearing Pyridine Main Chain Units5.5 Interaction of Phosphoric Acid and Water with the Polymer Membranes; 5.5.1 Equilibrium Hydration Levels of Water in the H3PO4 Imbibed Membranes; 5.5.1.1 Stability and Volatility of H3PO4 in the Imbibed Membranes; 5.5.2 Steam Permeability Through the Membrane; 5.6 Application in HT-PEMFCs Operating up to 220C; 5.6.1 Linear Polymeric Membranes; 5.6.2 Cross-Linked Membranes; 5.7 Conclusions; References; 6: Techniques for PBI Membrane Characterization; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Molecular Weight of PBI; 6.2.1 Definitions
2.4.1 General Aspect of PEM Electrolysis2.4.2 Intermediate Temperature PEM Electrolysis; 2.4.3 Short-Side Chain Membranes for PEM Water Electrolysis; 2.5 SSC-PFSA Membranes; 2.6 Conclusions; References; 3: Acid-Base Chemistry and Proton Conductivity; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Thermodynamics of Acid-Base Chemistry; 3.3 Hydrogen Bonds; 3.3.1 Hydrogen Bonds and Their Correlation with DeltapKa; 3.3.2 Degree of Proton Transfer of Carboxylic Acid and N-Base Systems; 3.4 Ionicity of Protic Liquids and Solids; 3.4.1 Protic Ionic Liquids; 3.4.2 Protic Solid Crystals; 3.4.3 1H NMR Chemical Shift
3.5 The Walden Rule and Grotthuss Mechanism3.6 Acid-Base Polymer Membranes; 3.6.1 Acid-Doped Polybase Membranes; 3.6.2 Base-Doped Acidic Polymer Membranes; 3.6.3 Polyacid-Polybase Membranes; 3.6.4 Malfunction of Phosphoric Acid-Doped Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acid Membranes; 3.7 Acid-Base Interactions in Inorganic Solid Acids; 3.8 Conclusive Remarks; References; 4: Applications of Acid-Base Blend Concepts to Intermediate Temperature Membranes; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 State of the Art of the Application of Acid-Base Blend Concepts
4.3 Short Comparative Study of the Stability and Properties of PBI-Type Membranes4.3.1 Thermal Stability of the Blend Membranes; 4.3.2 Cross-linking Degree/Insoluble Fraction by Immersion in 90C Hot DMAc; 4.3.3 Proton Conductivity of H3PO4-Doped Membranes; 4.4 Conclusions; References; 5: Pyridine Containing Aromatic Polyether Membranes; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Synthesis of Linear Aromatic Polyethers Containing Main Chain Pyridine Units; 5.3 Side Group Functionalized Linear Aromatic Polyethers Containing Main Chain Pyridine Units
5.4 Cross-Linked Aromatic Polyethers Bearing Pyridine Main Chain Units5.5 Interaction of Phosphoric Acid and Water with the Polymer Membranes; 5.5.1 Equilibrium Hydration Levels of Water in the H3PO4 Imbibed Membranes; 5.5.1.1 Stability and Volatility of H3PO4 in the Imbibed Membranes; 5.5.2 Steam Permeability Through the Membrane; 5.6 Application in HT-PEMFCs Operating up to 220C; 5.6.1 Linear Polymeric Membranes; 5.6.2 Cross-Linked Membranes; 5.7 Conclusions; References; 6: Techniques for PBI Membrane Characterization; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Molecular Weight of PBI; 6.2.1 Definitions