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Foreword; Preface; Chapter Reviewers; Contents; Part I: The Anterior Eye; 1: Protective Mechanisms of the Eye and the Eyelids; Protective Mechanisms of the Eye; Overview; Mechanical Insult; Chemical Insult; Biological Insult; Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) Toxicity; Eyelids; Overview; Structure; Eyelid Movements; Blinking; References; 2: The Ocular Surface; The Tear Film; Overview (Fig. 2.1a); Distribution and Flow of Tears; Structure of the Tear Film [9, 10] (Fig. 2.1b); Lipid Layer; Aqueous Layer; Mucus Layer and Glycocalyx; Lacrimal Gland; Overview; Structure
Lacrimal Gland Secretion Control of Lacrimal Gland Secretion; Conjunctiva; Overview; Structure (Fig. 2.4) [63, 64]; Conjunctival Tear Film Contribution; Lacrimal Drainage System; Overview; Structure (Fig. 2.5a) [44, 74-76]; Drainage of Tears; References; 3: The Cornea and Sclera; The Cornea; Overview; Layers of the Cornea (Fig. 3.1); Epithelium (Fig. 3.1b); Stroma; Descemet's Membrane; Endothelium; Corneal Innervation; Corneal Wound Healing; Corneal Mechanical Properties; Corneal Pharmacokinetics; The Sclera; Overview; Anatomy [7, 88]; Changes with Age
Scleral Permeability and Drug DeliveryReferences; 4: The Lens and Accommodation; The Lens; Overview; Development (Fig. 4.2) [3]; Optical Properties; Structure; Lens Proteins; Lens Electrolytes and Metabolism; Oxidants and Protection Against Oxidative Damage; Aging Changes [4, 61]; Accommodation; Overview [4, 7, 70]; Mechanism (Helmholtz Theory) [71]; Neural Pathways; Stimuli for Accommodation; Presbyopia; References; 5: The Ciliary Body and Aqueous Fluid Formation and Drainage; Ciliary Body; Overview; Anatomy (Fig. 5.1) [1]; Aqueous Fluid; Overview; Aqueous Formation
Composition of Aqueous Fluid (Table 5.2) Aqueous Drainage from the Eye (Fig. 5.3); The Trabecular Meshwork and Schlemm's Canal (Figs. 5.1 and 5.5); Regulation of Aqueous Drainage (Table 5.1); Aqueous Dynamics; References; 6: The Iris and Pupil; The Iris; Overview; Development; Structure (Fig. 6.1) [1, 5]; The Pupil; Overview: Functions of the Pupil; Control of Pupillary Aperture; The Light Reflex (Fig. 6.2); The Near Reflex; Pupil Reflex Dilation; Other Factors Influencing Pupil Size; References; Part II: The Posterior Eye; 7: The Vitreous; Overview; Development (See Table 7.1)
Functions Aging Changes; References; 8: The Retina; Structure and Development; Overview; Embryogenesis and Development (Fig. 8.1); Organization of the Neural Retina (Table 8.1, Fig. 8.2); Macula Lutea (Fig. 8.3); Retinal Vessels; Photoreceptor Cells; Outer Segment; Inner Segment; Cell Body; Synaptic Terminals (Fig. 8.4b); Membrane Potential (Fig. 8.4c); The Phototransduction Cascade (Fig. 8.5); Photoadaptation in Rods and Cones (See Chap. 21, Luminance Range for Vision); Inner Retinal Circuitry; Key Concepts; Neurotransmitters and Receptors; Horizontal Cells; Bipolar Cells
Lacrimal Gland Secretion Control of Lacrimal Gland Secretion; Conjunctiva; Overview; Structure (Fig. 2.4) [63, 64]; Conjunctival Tear Film Contribution; Lacrimal Drainage System; Overview; Structure (Fig. 2.5a) [44, 74-76]; Drainage of Tears; References; 3: The Cornea and Sclera; The Cornea; Overview; Layers of the Cornea (Fig. 3.1); Epithelium (Fig. 3.1b); Stroma; Descemet's Membrane; Endothelium; Corneal Innervation; Corneal Wound Healing; Corneal Mechanical Properties; Corneal Pharmacokinetics; The Sclera; Overview; Anatomy [7, 88]; Changes with Age
Scleral Permeability and Drug DeliveryReferences; 4: The Lens and Accommodation; The Lens; Overview; Development (Fig. 4.2) [3]; Optical Properties; Structure; Lens Proteins; Lens Electrolytes and Metabolism; Oxidants and Protection Against Oxidative Damage; Aging Changes [4, 61]; Accommodation; Overview [4, 7, 70]; Mechanism (Helmholtz Theory) [71]; Neural Pathways; Stimuli for Accommodation; Presbyopia; References; 5: The Ciliary Body and Aqueous Fluid Formation and Drainage; Ciliary Body; Overview; Anatomy (Fig. 5.1) [1]; Aqueous Fluid; Overview; Aqueous Formation
Composition of Aqueous Fluid (Table 5.2) Aqueous Drainage from the Eye (Fig. 5.3); The Trabecular Meshwork and Schlemm's Canal (Figs. 5.1 and 5.5); Regulation of Aqueous Drainage (Table 5.1); Aqueous Dynamics; References; 6: The Iris and Pupil; The Iris; Overview; Development; Structure (Fig. 6.1) [1, 5]; The Pupil; Overview: Functions of the Pupil; Control of Pupillary Aperture; The Light Reflex (Fig. 6.2); The Near Reflex; Pupil Reflex Dilation; Other Factors Influencing Pupil Size; References; Part II: The Posterior Eye; 7: The Vitreous; Overview; Development (See Table 7.1)
Functions Aging Changes; References; 8: The Retina; Structure and Development; Overview; Embryogenesis and Development (Fig. 8.1); Organization of the Neural Retina (Table 8.1, Fig. 8.2); Macula Lutea (Fig. 8.3); Retinal Vessels; Photoreceptor Cells; Outer Segment; Inner Segment; Cell Body; Synaptic Terminals (Fig. 8.4b); Membrane Potential (Fig. 8.4c); The Phototransduction Cascade (Fig. 8.5); Photoadaptation in Rods and Cones (See Chap. 21, Luminance Range for Vision); Inner Retinal Circuitry; Key Concepts; Neurotransmitters and Receptors; Horizontal Cells; Bipolar Cells