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Table of Contents
Preface; Contents; Contributors; Chapter 1: Sex Differences in Normal Pulmonary Structure and Function at Rest and During Exercise; Introduction; Normal Hormonal Fluctuations; Morphology; Pulmonary Function During Exercise; Pulmonary Gas Exchange; Gas Exchange at Rest and During Exercise; Exercise-Induced Arterial Hypoxemia; Ventilation-Perfusion Mismatch; Shunts; Diffusion Limitation; Inadequate Hyperventilation; Ventilation; Expiratory Flow Limitation; Respiratory Work/Muscles; Work of Breathing; Metabolic Cost of Breathing; Exercise-Induced Respiratory Muscle Fatigue
Across the Life span (Children to Aging)Children; Aging; Summary; References; Chapter 2: Sex Hormone Signaling in the Lung in Health and Disease: Airways, Parenchyma, and Pulmonary Vasculature; Introduction; Overview of Sex Hormone Synthesis, Signaling, and Regulation; Sex Hormone Synthesis and Metabolism; The Role of Biologically Active Estrogen Metabolites (Fig. 2.2); Mechanisms of Estrogen-Mediated Signaling; Regulation of Estrogen Signaling; Progesterone and Androgen-Mediated Signaling; Regulation of Progesterone and Androgen Signaling; Sex Hormones and Lung Development
Sex Hormones and the Prenatal and Early Postnatal Lung Sex Differences in the Pubescent Lung; Sex Differences in the Aging Lung; Effects of Sex Hormones on the Healthy Lung; Bronchial Epithelium; Alveolar Epithelium; Airway Smooth Muscle; Parenchyma; Pulmonary Vasculature; Immune Cells; Sex Hormone Effects on Respiratory Mechanics and Respiratory Control; Clinical Implications; Conclusions and Future Directions; References; Chapter 3: Women and COPD; Introduction; Risk Factors; Disease Prevalence; Mortality; Bias in Diagnosis; Tobacco Susceptibility; Disease Presentation
Health Care Utilization and Management Differences in Disease Biology and Phenotype; Comorbidities in COPD; Therapeutic Implications; Tobacco Cessation; Pharmacotherapeutics; Pulmonary Rehabilitation; Oxygen Therapy; Conclusions; References; Chapter 4: Sex, Gender, and Asthma; Classifications Systems for Patients with Asthma; Host Immune Responses in Asthma; Changes in Sex Hormones during Puberty, Pregnancy, and Menopause Adversely Affect a Subset of Women with Asthma; Pre- and Perimenstrual Asthma Symptoms; Pregnancy and Asthma; Menopause and Asthma; Summary
Sex Hormones in Mouse Models of AsthmaBaseline AHR and Airway Physiology in Female and Male Mice; Establishment of Allergic Airway Inflammation in Mice; Other Triggers of Asthma and the Role of Sex Hormones on Immune Cells; Summary of Sex Hormones and Asthma; References; Chapter 5: Sex Hormones, Sex, Gender, and Pulmonary Hypertension; Introduction; Sex and the Epidemiology of PAH: Prevalent Cases Skew toward Females; The Association Between Sex Hormones and Human PAH; The Pulmonary Vasculature: Effects of Sex Hormones; Beyond Parent Compound Sex Hormones: Metabolites; Conclusion
Across the Life span (Children to Aging)Children; Aging; Summary; References; Chapter 2: Sex Hormone Signaling in the Lung in Health and Disease: Airways, Parenchyma, and Pulmonary Vasculature; Introduction; Overview of Sex Hormone Synthesis, Signaling, and Regulation; Sex Hormone Synthesis and Metabolism; The Role of Biologically Active Estrogen Metabolites (Fig. 2.2); Mechanisms of Estrogen-Mediated Signaling; Regulation of Estrogen Signaling; Progesterone and Androgen-Mediated Signaling; Regulation of Progesterone and Androgen Signaling; Sex Hormones and Lung Development
Sex Hormones and the Prenatal and Early Postnatal Lung Sex Differences in the Pubescent Lung; Sex Differences in the Aging Lung; Effects of Sex Hormones on the Healthy Lung; Bronchial Epithelium; Alveolar Epithelium; Airway Smooth Muscle; Parenchyma; Pulmonary Vasculature; Immune Cells; Sex Hormone Effects on Respiratory Mechanics and Respiratory Control; Clinical Implications; Conclusions and Future Directions; References; Chapter 3: Women and COPD; Introduction; Risk Factors; Disease Prevalence; Mortality; Bias in Diagnosis; Tobacco Susceptibility; Disease Presentation
Health Care Utilization and Management Differences in Disease Biology and Phenotype; Comorbidities in COPD; Therapeutic Implications; Tobacco Cessation; Pharmacotherapeutics; Pulmonary Rehabilitation; Oxygen Therapy; Conclusions; References; Chapter 4: Sex, Gender, and Asthma; Classifications Systems for Patients with Asthma; Host Immune Responses in Asthma; Changes in Sex Hormones during Puberty, Pregnancy, and Menopause Adversely Affect a Subset of Women with Asthma; Pre- and Perimenstrual Asthma Symptoms; Pregnancy and Asthma; Menopause and Asthma; Summary
Sex Hormones in Mouse Models of AsthmaBaseline AHR and Airway Physiology in Female and Male Mice; Establishment of Allergic Airway Inflammation in Mice; Other Triggers of Asthma and the Role of Sex Hormones on Immune Cells; Summary of Sex Hormones and Asthma; References; Chapter 5: Sex Hormones, Sex, Gender, and Pulmonary Hypertension; Introduction; Sex and the Epidemiology of PAH: Prevalent Cases Skew toward Females; The Association Between Sex Hormones and Human PAH; The Pulmonary Vasculature: Effects of Sex Hormones; Beyond Parent Compound Sex Hormones: Metabolites; Conclusion