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Table of Contents
1 Introduction; 1.1 What Are Polyolefins?; 1.2 General Information; 1.3 Importance of Research in the Production and Modifications of Polyolefins; 1.4 Why Polyolefins?; 1.5 Polyolefin Blends and Composites; 1.6 Packaging and Food Industry; 1.7 Adhesion; 1.8 Polyolefins in Textiles and Nonwovens; 1.9 Biomedical Applications; 1.10 Automotive Industry; 1.11 Stabilizing Polyolefin and Protection Against Ignitability; 1.12 Recycling and Oxo-Biodegradation; 1.13 Conclusion; 2 Polyolefins
The History and Economic Impact; 2.1 Introduction; 2.1.1 Definition; 2.1.2 Scope
2.2 Polyolefins: The History and Economic Impact2.2.1 Polyolefin Elastomer; 2.2.2 Polyethylene (PE); 2.2.2.1 ``Exceptional Invention''; 2.2.2.2 Linear Polyethylene; 2.3 Inorganic and Organo-Metallic Catalysts; 2.3.1 DuPont ``on the Brink of a Tremendously Interesting Field of Polymer Chemistry''; 2.3.2 Standard Oil of Indiana (Later, Amoco); 2.3.3 Phillips Petroleum Company; 2.3.4 Prof. Karl Ziegler; 2.3.5 Hercules Powder Company; 2.4 New Entrants; 2.5 LLDPE; 2.6 Progress in Catalyst Chemistries; 2.7 The Progress of Polyethylene; 2.8 Polypropylene (PP); 2.8.1 Standard Oil of Indiana
2.8.2 Phillips Petroleum2.8.3 Natta; 2.8.4 Hoechst; 2.8.5 Ziegler; 2.8.6 PCL; 2.8.7 DuPont; 2.8.8 Hercules; 2.8.9 ``Interference''; 2.9 Other Polyolefins; 2.9.1 UHMWPE; 2.9.2 Polybutene-1; 2.9.3 TPX; 2.9.4 PolyDCPD; 2.10 The Development of the Polyolefin Industry; 2.10.1 The Development of the Polyolefin Industry in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC); 2.10.2 Qatar; 2.10.2.1 The United Arab Emirates (UAE); 2.11 Industrial Economic Impact; 2.12 Globalization, Feedstocks, and Feedstock Availability; 2.13 The Future of the Polyolefin Industry; 2.14 Concluding Remarks
List of Patents Referenced in the ChapterReferences; 3 Olefin Polymerization; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Principles of Polymerization; 3.2.1 Free Radical Mechanism; 3.2.1.1 Mechanism of Conventional Free Radical Polymerization; 3.2.2 Ionic Polymerization; 3.2.3 Cationic Polymerization Mechanism [6, 7]; 3.2.4 Anionic Polymerization; 3.3 Stereochemical Implications and Tacticity; 3.4 Stereo Chemistry of Conjugate Diene Polymerization; 3.5 Coordination Polymerization; 3.6 Development of Polymerization Catalysts; 3.6.1 alpha -Diimine-Based Catalysts; 3.6.2 2,6-Bis(Imino)Pyridine-Based Catalysts
3.6.3 Salicyldimine-Based Complexes3.6.4 Early Transition Metal-Based Phenoxy-Imines; 3.6.4.1 Late Transition Metal Salicyldimine Complexes; 3.6.5 Quinaldimine-Based Complexes; 3.6.6 Ruthenium-Based Polymerization Catalysts; 3.7 Remarks and Outlook; 3.8 Conclusion; References; 4 Processing Techniques for Polyolefins; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Principle of Processing; 4.3 Employment and Role of Polymer Melt Rheology; 4.3.1 Viscoelasticity; 4.3.2 Shear Viscosity; 4.3.3 Extensional Viscosity; 4.4 Polyolefin Processing Technologies; 4.5 Blown Film
The History and Economic Impact; 2.1 Introduction; 2.1.1 Definition; 2.1.2 Scope
2.2 Polyolefins: The History and Economic Impact2.2.1 Polyolefin Elastomer; 2.2.2 Polyethylene (PE); 2.2.2.1 ``Exceptional Invention''; 2.2.2.2 Linear Polyethylene; 2.3 Inorganic and Organo-Metallic Catalysts; 2.3.1 DuPont ``on the Brink of a Tremendously Interesting Field of Polymer Chemistry''; 2.3.2 Standard Oil of Indiana (Later, Amoco); 2.3.3 Phillips Petroleum Company; 2.3.4 Prof. Karl Ziegler; 2.3.5 Hercules Powder Company; 2.4 New Entrants; 2.5 LLDPE; 2.6 Progress in Catalyst Chemistries; 2.7 The Progress of Polyethylene; 2.8 Polypropylene (PP); 2.8.1 Standard Oil of Indiana
2.8.2 Phillips Petroleum2.8.3 Natta; 2.8.4 Hoechst; 2.8.5 Ziegler; 2.8.6 PCL; 2.8.7 DuPont; 2.8.8 Hercules; 2.8.9 ``Interference''; 2.9 Other Polyolefins; 2.9.1 UHMWPE; 2.9.2 Polybutene-1; 2.9.3 TPX; 2.9.4 PolyDCPD; 2.10 The Development of the Polyolefin Industry; 2.10.1 The Development of the Polyolefin Industry in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC); 2.10.2 Qatar; 2.10.2.1 The United Arab Emirates (UAE); 2.11 Industrial Economic Impact; 2.12 Globalization, Feedstocks, and Feedstock Availability; 2.13 The Future of the Polyolefin Industry; 2.14 Concluding Remarks
List of Patents Referenced in the ChapterReferences; 3 Olefin Polymerization; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Principles of Polymerization; 3.2.1 Free Radical Mechanism; 3.2.1.1 Mechanism of Conventional Free Radical Polymerization; 3.2.2 Ionic Polymerization; 3.2.3 Cationic Polymerization Mechanism [6, 7]; 3.2.4 Anionic Polymerization; 3.3 Stereochemical Implications and Tacticity; 3.4 Stereo Chemistry of Conjugate Diene Polymerization; 3.5 Coordination Polymerization; 3.6 Development of Polymerization Catalysts; 3.6.1 alpha -Diimine-Based Catalysts; 3.6.2 2,6-Bis(Imino)Pyridine-Based Catalysts
3.6.3 Salicyldimine-Based Complexes3.6.4 Early Transition Metal-Based Phenoxy-Imines; 3.6.4.1 Late Transition Metal Salicyldimine Complexes; 3.6.5 Quinaldimine-Based Complexes; 3.6.6 Ruthenium-Based Polymerization Catalysts; 3.7 Remarks and Outlook; 3.8 Conclusion; References; 4 Processing Techniques for Polyolefins; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Principle of Processing; 4.3 Employment and Role of Polymer Melt Rheology; 4.3.1 Viscoelasticity; 4.3.2 Shear Viscosity; 4.3.3 Extensional Viscosity; 4.4 Polyolefin Processing Technologies; 4.5 Blown Film