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Preface; Contents; 1 The Rare Earth Elements
A Special Group of Metals; Abstract; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Atomic Structure; 1.3 Radioactivity; 1.4 Name; 1.5 Geochemical Behavior; 1.6 The Deposit at Ytterby; References; 2 The Ore Minerals and Major Ore Deposits of the Rare Earths; Abstract; 2.1 Major Ore Minerals; 2.1.1 Monazite; 2.1.2 Bastnaesite; 2.1.3 Xenotime; 2.1.4 Eudialyte; 2.2 Minor REE Minerals; 2.3 REE-Containing Rocks; 2.4 Ore Deposits of the Rare Earths; 2.4.1 Mountain Pass; 2.4.2 Bayan Obo, Inner Mongolia, China; 2.4.3 Mount Weld, South-West Australia
2.4.4 Il00EDmaussaq Alkaline Complex, South Greenland2.4.4.1 Kvanefjeld; 2.4.4.2 Kringlerne (a.k.a. Tanbreez); 2.4.4.3 Motzfeldt REE Deposit; 2.4.5 Pilanesberg, South Africa; 2.4.6 Steenkampskraal, South Africa; 2.4.7 Hoidas Lake, Canada; 2.4.8 Thor Lake; 2.4.9 Strange Lake and Misery Lake; 2.4.9.1 Strange Lake; 2.4.9.2 Misery Lake; 2.4.10 Nolans Bore Deposit, Australia; 2.4.11 Norra Kärr, Sweden; 2.4.12 Lovozero and Khibina Massifs, Kola Peninsula, Russia; 2.4.13 Nkwombwa Hill Carbonatite Deposit, Zambia, and Other East- and Middle-African REE-Deposits; 2.4.14 Maoniuping, Sichuan, China
2.4.15 Chinese Ion Adsorption Deposits2.4.16 Dong Pao, Vietnam; 2.5 Resources in the Deep Sea; 2.5.1 Pelagic Muds; 2.5.2 Crusts on Seamounts; 2.5.3 Exploitation of Deep-Sea Deposits; References; 3 Physical and Chemical Properties of the Rare Earths; Abstract; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 The Lanthanide Series; 3.2.1 Lanthanide Oxides; 3.2.2 Scandium and Yttrium; 3.3 The Lanthanide Contraction; 3.4 Radioactivity and Isotopes; 3.4.1 Lanthanum (Element 57); 3.4.2 Cerium (Element 58); 3.4.3 Praseodymium (Element 59); 3.4.4 Neodymium (Element 60); 3.4.5 Promethium (Element 61)
3.4.6 Samarium (Element 62)3.4.7 Europium (Element 63); 3.4.8 Gadolinium (Element 64); 3.4.9 Terbium (Element 65); 3.4.10 Dysprosium (Element 66); 3.4.11 Holmium (Element 67); 3.4.12 Erbium (Element 68); 3.4.13 Thulium (Element 69); 3.4.14 Ytterbium (Element 70); 3.4.15 Lutetium (Element 71); 3.5 Magnetism; 3.6 Chemical Behavior; 3.6.1 Air and Oxygen; 3.6.2 Nitrogen; 3.6.3 Hydrogen; 3.6.4 Carbon; 3.6.5 Silicon; 3.6.6 Refractory Metals; 3.6.7 Acids and Bases; 3.6.8 Water; 3.7 Luminescence; References; 4 Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy of the Rare Earths; Abstract; 4.1 Introduction
4.2 Mineral Processing and Extraction of Rare Earths4.2.1 Hard Rock Deposits; 4.2.1.1 Liberation; 4.2.1.2 Mineral Separation (Flotation); 4.2.1.3 Mineral Processing at Mountain Pass, Bayan Obo, and Mount Weld; 4.2.2 Placer Deposits; 4.2.3 Chemical Treatment to Decompose the Mineral Concentrates; 4.2.3.1 Monazite; 4.2.3.2 Bastnaesite; 4.2.3.3 Chlorination; 4.2.3.4 Xenotime; 4.2.3.5 Gadolinite; 4.2.3.6 Euxenite; 4.2.3.7 Loparite, Pyrochlore, Fergusonite and Samarskite; 4.2.3.8 Apatite; 4.3 Separation Processes; 4.3.1 Selective Oxidation; 4.3.2 Selective Reduction
A Special Group of Metals; Abstract; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Atomic Structure; 1.3 Radioactivity; 1.4 Name; 1.5 Geochemical Behavior; 1.6 The Deposit at Ytterby; References; 2 The Ore Minerals and Major Ore Deposits of the Rare Earths; Abstract; 2.1 Major Ore Minerals; 2.1.1 Monazite; 2.1.2 Bastnaesite; 2.1.3 Xenotime; 2.1.4 Eudialyte; 2.2 Minor REE Minerals; 2.3 REE-Containing Rocks; 2.4 Ore Deposits of the Rare Earths; 2.4.1 Mountain Pass; 2.4.2 Bayan Obo, Inner Mongolia, China; 2.4.3 Mount Weld, South-West Australia
2.4.4 Il00EDmaussaq Alkaline Complex, South Greenland2.4.4.1 Kvanefjeld; 2.4.4.2 Kringlerne (a.k.a. Tanbreez); 2.4.4.3 Motzfeldt REE Deposit; 2.4.5 Pilanesberg, South Africa; 2.4.6 Steenkampskraal, South Africa; 2.4.7 Hoidas Lake, Canada; 2.4.8 Thor Lake; 2.4.9 Strange Lake and Misery Lake; 2.4.9.1 Strange Lake; 2.4.9.2 Misery Lake; 2.4.10 Nolans Bore Deposit, Australia; 2.4.11 Norra Kärr, Sweden; 2.4.12 Lovozero and Khibina Massifs, Kola Peninsula, Russia; 2.4.13 Nkwombwa Hill Carbonatite Deposit, Zambia, and Other East- and Middle-African REE-Deposits; 2.4.14 Maoniuping, Sichuan, China
2.4.15 Chinese Ion Adsorption Deposits2.4.16 Dong Pao, Vietnam; 2.5 Resources in the Deep Sea; 2.5.1 Pelagic Muds; 2.5.2 Crusts on Seamounts; 2.5.3 Exploitation of Deep-Sea Deposits; References; 3 Physical and Chemical Properties of the Rare Earths; Abstract; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 The Lanthanide Series; 3.2.1 Lanthanide Oxides; 3.2.2 Scandium and Yttrium; 3.3 The Lanthanide Contraction; 3.4 Radioactivity and Isotopes; 3.4.1 Lanthanum (Element 57); 3.4.2 Cerium (Element 58); 3.4.3 Praseodymium (Element 59); 3.4.4 Neodymium (Element 60); 3.4.5 Promethium (Element 61)
3.4.6 Samarium (Element 62)3.4.7 Europium (Element 63); 3.4.8 Gadolinium (Element 64); 3.4.9 Terbium (Element 65); 3.4.10 Dysprosium (Element 66); 3.4.11 Holmium (Element 67); 3.4.12 Erbium (Element 68); 3.4.13 Thulium (Element 69); 3.4.14 Ytterbium (Element 70); 3.4.15 Lutetium (Element 71); 3.5 Magnetism; 3.6 Chemical Behavior; 3.6.1 Air and Oxygen; 3.6.2 Nitrogen; 3.6.3 Hydrogen; 3.6.4 Carbon; 3.6.5 Silicon; 3.6.6 Refractory Metals; 3.6.7 Acids and Bases; 3.6.8 Water; 3.7 Luminescence; References; 4 Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy of the Rare Earths; Abstract; 4.1 Introduction
4.2 Mineral Processing and Extraction of Rare Earths4.2.1 Hard Rock Deposits; 4.2.1.1 Liberation; 4.2.1.2 Mineral Separation (Flotation); 4.2.1.3 Mineral Processing at Mountain Pass, Bayan Obo, and Mount Weld; 4.2.2 Placer Deposits; 4.2.3 Chemical Treatment to Decompose the Mineral Concentrates; 4.2.3.1 Monazite; 4.2.3.2 Bastnaesite; 4.2.3.3 Chlorination; 4.2.3.4 Xenotime; 4.2.3.5 Gadolinite; 4.2.3.6 Euxenite; 4.2.3.7 Loparite, Pyrochlore, Fergusonite and Samarskite; 4.2.3.8 Apatite; 4.3 Separation Processes; 4.3.1 Selective Oxidation; 4.3.2 Selective Reduction