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Acknowledgement; Contents; About the Authors; 1: Marine Ecosystem: An Overview; 1.1 Benthic Compartment; 1.1.1 Supralittoral Zone; 1.1.2 Eulittoral Zone; 1.1.3 Sublittoral Zone; 1.1.4 Continental Shelf; 1.1.5 Continental Slope; 1.1.6 Bathyal Zone; 1.1.7 Abyssal Plains; 1.1.8 Hadal Zone; 1.2 Aquatic Compartment; 1.2.1 Classification on the Basis of Light Penetration; 1.2.2 How to Estimate the Age of Ocean Water?; 1.2.3 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Consumption Method; 1.2.4 Decay Rate of 14C Method; 1.2.5 90Sr Content Method; 1.2.6 Hydrogen Isotope Method; 1.2 Brain Churners
Annexure 1A: Oscillation of Seafloor in the Gulf of Mannar1. Introduction; 2. Materials and Methods; 3. Results and Discussion; References; Annexure References; 2: Estuarine Ecosystem: An Overview; 2.1 Definition and Ecosystem Services; 2.1.1 Ecosystem Services; 2.2 Classification; Annexure 2A: Blending Mangroves and Livelihood: A March Towards a New Dimension; Brain Churners; Annexure 2B: Mangrove Vegetation: A Natural Source of Antioxidant; 1. Introduction; 2. Materials and Methods; 3. Results and Discussion; 4. Looking Forward; References; Internet Reference; Annexure References
3: Physical Processes in the Marine and Estuarine Ecosystems3.1 Waves and Tides; 3.1.1 Tides; 3.1.2 Theories Related to Tides; 3.1.2.1 The Equilibrium Theory; Limitations of the Theory; 3.1.2.2 The Dynamical Theory of Laplace; 3.1.2.3 Progressive Wave Theory; 3.1.2.4 Stationary Wave Theory; 3.1.3 Tidal Bore and Tide in Rivers; 3.2 Currents; 3.2.1 Upwelling and Downwelling: Causes and Significance; 3.2.2 Factors Regulating the Pattern and Distribution of Currents; 3.2.3 What Happens Practically?; 3.2.3.1 Direction and the Shape of the Coastline; 3.2.3.2 Seasonal Variations
3.2.3.3 Bottom Topography3.2.4 El Niño; Brain Churners; Annexure 3A: Oscillation of Hydrological Parameters in and Around Indian Sundarbans; 1. Introduction; 2. Study Area; 3. Materials and Methods; 4. Results and Discussion; 4.1 Surface Water Temperature; 4.2 Surface Water Salinity; 4.3 Surface Water pH; 4.4 Alkalinity; 4.5 Dissolved Oxygen; 4.6 BOD and COD; 4.7 Nutrients; 4.8 Extinction Coefficient; 4.9 Sulphate; 4.10 Chloride; 4.11 Sodium; 4.12 Potassium; 4.13 Total Nitrogen; 5. Conclusion; References; Annexure References; 4: Abiotic Variables of the Marine and Estuarine Ecosystems
4.1 Chemical Components4.1.1 Spatio-temporal Variations of Salinity; 4.1.2 Deep-Water Salinity; 4.1.3 Conservative and Non-conservative Ions; 4.1.4 Dissolved Gases in Seawater; 4.1.5 Nutrients; 4.2 Sediment Compartment; 4.2.1 Transportation of Marine Sediments; 4.2.1.1 Rivers; 4.2.1.2 River Wash; 4.2.1.3 Wave Action; 4.2.1.4 Work of Ice; 4.2.1.5 Organic Rafting; 4.2.1.6 Volcanic Activity; 4.2.1.7 Wind; 4.2.1.8 Transportation Within the Sea; 4.2.2 Classification of Marine Sediments; 4.2.3 Ooze: Definition and Type; 4.2.4 Sediment Deposition: A Boon or a Curse?; Brain Churners
Annexure 1A: Oscillation of Seafloor in the Gulf of Mannar1. Introduction; 2. Materials and Methods; 3. Results and Discussion; References; Annexure References; 2: Estuarine Ecosystem: An Overview; 2.1 Definition and Ecosystem Services; 2.1.1 Ecosystem Services; 2.2 Classification; Annexure 2A: Blending Mangroves and Livelihood: A March Towards a New Dimension; Brain Churners; Annexure 2B: Mangrove Vegetation: A Natural Source of Antioxidant; 1. Introduction; 2. Materials and Methods; 3. Results and Discussion; 4. Looking Forward; References; Internet Reference; Annexure References
3: Physical Processes in the Marine and Estuarine Ecosystems3.1 Waves and Tides; 3.1.1 Tides; 3.1.2 Theories Related to Tides; 3.1.2.1 The Equilibrium Theory; Limitations of the Theory; 3.1.2.2 The Dynamical Theory of Laplace; 3.1.2.3 Progressive Wave Theory; 3.1.2.4 Stationary Wave Theory; 3.1.3 Tidal Bore and Tide in Rivers; 3.2 Currents; 3.2.1 Upwelling and Downwelling: Causes and Significance; 3.2.2 Factors Regulating the Pattern and Distribution of Currents; 3.2.3 What Happens Practically?; 3.2.3.1 Direction and the Shape of the Coastline; 3.2.3.2 Seasonal Variations
3.2.3.3 Bottom Topography3.2.4 El Niño; Brain Churners; Annexure 3A: Oscillation of Hydrological Parameters in and Around Indian Sundarbans; 1. Introduction; 2. Study Area; 3. Materials and Methods; 4. Results and Discussion; 4.1 Surface Water Temperature; 4.2 Surface Water Salinity; 4.3 Surface Water pH; 4.4 Alkalinity; 4.5 Dissolved Oxygen; 4.6 BOD and COD; 4.7 Nutrients; 4.8 Extinction Coefficient; 4.9 Sulphate; 4.10 Chloride; 4.11 Sodium; 4.12 Potassium; 4.13 Total Nitrogen; 5. Conclusion; References; Annexure References; 4: Abiotic Variables of the Marine and Estuarine Ecosystems
4.1 Chemical Components4.1.1 Spatio-temporal Variations of Salinity; 4.1.2 Deep-Water Salinity; 4.1.3 Conservative and Non-conservative Ions; 4.1.4 Dissolved Gases in Seawater; 4.1.5 Nutrients; 4.2 Sediment Compartment; 4.2.1 Transportation of Marine Sediments; 4.2.1.1 Rivers; 4.2.1.2 River Wash; 4.2.1.3 Wave Action; 4.2.1.4 Work of Ice; 4.2.1.5 Organic Rafting; 4.2.1.6 Volcanic Activity; 4.2.1.7 Wind; 4.2.1.8 Transportation Within the Sea; 4.2.2 Classification of Marine Sediments; 4.2.3 Ooze: Definition and Type; 4.2.4 Sediment Deposition: A Boon or a Curse?; Brain Churners