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Foreword; Preface; Scope; Content; Reading Paths; Audience; Acknowledgments; Contents; 1 Turing, Functionalism, and Emergence; 1.1 Turing Is Among Us; 1.2 Functionalism; 1.3 Emergence; 1.4 Concluding Remarks; References; Part I The Individual Realm; 2 The Individual Realm of Machine Ethics: A Survey; 2.1 Truth-Teller and SIROCCO; 2.2 Jeremy and W.D.; 2.3 MedEthEx and EthEl; 2.4 A Kantian Machine Proposal; 2.5 Machine Ethics via Theorem Proving; 2.6 Particularism versus Generalism; 2.7 Concluding Remarks; References; 3 Significant Moral Facets Amenable to Logic Programming
3.1 Moral Permissibility3.1.1 The Doctrines of Double Effect and Triple Effect; 3.1.2 Scanlonian Contractualism; 3.2 The Dual-Process Model; 3.3 Counterfactual Thinking in Moral Reasoning; 3.4 Concluding Remarks; References; 4 Representing Morality in Logic Programming; 4.1 Preliminaries; 4.2 Abduction; 4.3 Preferences Over Abductive Scenarios; 4.4 Probabilistic LP; 4.5 LP Updating; 4.6 LP Counterfactuals; 4.7 Tabling; 4.8 Concluding Remarks; References; 5 Tabling in Abduction and Updating; 5.1 Tabling Abductive Solutions in Contextual Abduction; 5.1.1 Tabdual Program Transformation
5.1.2 Implementation Aspects5.1.3 Concluding Remarks; 5.2 Incremental Tabling of Fluents for LP Updating; 5.2.1 The Evolp/r Language; 5.2.2 Incremental Tabling; 5.2.3 The Evolp/r Approach; 5.2.4 Concluding Remarks; References; 6 Counterfactuals in Logic Programming; 6.1 Causation and Intervention in LP; 6.1.1 Causal Model and LP Abduction; 6.1.2 Intervention and LP Updating; 6.2 Evaluating Counterfactuals via LP Abduction and Updating; 6.3 Concluding Remarks; References; 7 Logic Programming Systems Affording Morality Experiments; 7.1 Acorda; 7.1.1 Active Goals
7.1.2 Abduction and A Priori Preferences7.1.3 A Posteriori Preferences; 7.2 Probabilistic EPA; 7.2.1 Abduction and A Priori Preferences; 7.2.2 A Posteriori Preferences; 7.2.3 Probabilistic Reasoning; 7.3 Qualm; 7.3.1 Joint Tabling of Abduction and Updating; 7.3.2 Evaluating Counterfactuals; 7.4 Concluding Remarks; References; 8 Modeling Morality Using Logic Programming; 8.1 Moral Reasoning with Acorda; 8.1.1 Deontological Judgments via A Priori Integrity Constraints; 8.1.2 Utilitarian Judgments via A Posteriori Preferences; 8.2 Moral Reasoning with Probabilistic EPA
8.3 Moral Reasoning with Qualm8.3.1 Moral Updating; 8.3.2 Counterfactual Moral Reasoning; 8.4 Concluding Remarks; References; Part II The Collective Realm; 9 Modeling Collective Morality via Evolutionary Game Theory; 9.1 The Collective Realm of Machine Ethics; 9.2 Software Sans Emotions but with Ethical Discernment; 9.2.1 Introduction; 9.2.2 Learning to Recognize Intentions and Committing Resolve Cooperation Dilemmas; 9.2.3 Emergence of Cooperation in Groups: Avoidance Versus Restriction; 9.2.4 Why Is It so Hard to Say Sorry?
3.1 Moral Permissibility3.1.1 The Doctrines of Double Effect and Triple Effect; 3.1.2 Scanlonian Contractualism; 3.2 The Dual-Process Model; 3.3 Counterfactual Thinking in Moral Reasoning; 3.4 Concluding Remarks; References; 4 Representing Morality in Logic Programming; 4.1 Preliminaries; 4.2 Abduction; 4.3 Preferences Over Abductive Scenarios; 4.4 Probabilistic LP; 4.5 LP Updating; 4.6 LP Counterfactuals; 4.7 Tabling; 4.8 Concluding Remarks; References; 5 Tabling in Abduction and Updating; 5.1 Tabling Abductive Solutions in Contextual Abduction; 5.1.1 Tabdual Program Transformation
5.1.2 Implementation Aspects5.1.3 Concluding Remarks; 5.2 Incremental Tabling of Fluents for LP Updating; 5.2.1 The Evolp/r Language; 5.2.2 Incremental Tabling; 5.2.3 The Evolp/r Approach; 5.2.4 Concluding Remarks; References; 6 Counterfactuals in Logic Programming; 6.1 Causation and Intervention in LP; 6.1.1 Causal Model and LP Abduction; 6.1.2 Intervention and LP Updating; 6.2 Evaluating Counterfactuals via LP Abduction and Updating; 6.3 Concluding Remarks; References; 7 Logic Programming Systems Affording Morality Experiments; 7.1 Acorda; 7.1.1 Active Goals
7.1.2 Abduction and A Priori Preferences7.1.3 A Posteriori Preferences; 7.2 Probabilistic EPA; 7.2.1 Abduction and A Priori Preferences; 7.2.2 A Posteriori Preferences; 7.2.3 Probabilistic Reasoning; 7.3 Qualm; 7.3.1 Joint Tabling of Abduction and Updating; 7.3.2 Evaluating Counterfactuals; 7.4 Concluding Remarks; References; 8 Modeling Morality Using Logic Programming; 8.1 Moral Reasoning with Acorda; 8.1.1 Deontological Judgments via A Priori Integrity Constraints; 8.1.2 Utilitarian Judgments via A Posteriori Preferences; 8.2 Moral Reasoning with Probabilistic EPA
8.3 Moral Reasoning with Qualm8.3.1 Moral Updating; 8.3.2 Counterfactual Moral Reasoning; 8.4 Concluding Remarks; References; Part II The Collective Realm; 9 Modeling Collective Morality via Evolutionary Game Theory; 9.1 The Collective Realm of Machine Ethics; 9.2 Software Sans Emotions but with Ethical Discernment; 9.2.1 Introduction; 9.2.2 Learning to Recognize Intentions and Committing Resolve Cooperation Dilemmas; 9.2.3 Emergence of Cooperation in Groups: Avoidance Versus Restriction; 9.2.4 Why Is It so Hard to Say Sorry?