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Preface; Acknowledgments; Contents; 1 Understanding the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in the United States-The Role of Syndemics in Shaping the Public's Health; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 What Is a Disparity and How HIV Meets the Definition?; 1.3 The Promise of Historical Medical Advancements and Epidemiological Shifts; 1.4 The Persistent Problem of Comorbidities in HIV; 1.5 Syndemic Theory as a Biosocial and Biomedical Model Regarding Comorbidities; 1.6 Applications of Syndemic Theory in the HIV Literature; 1.7 Chapter Overview; References
2 A Historical Overview of the Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in the United States2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Origin of the HIV Epidemic in the United States; 2.3 Evolution of the AIDS Case Definition and the Discovery of the HIV-1 Virus; 2.3.1 The 1982 Case Definition of AIDS; 2.3.2 The 1985 Case Definition of AIDS; 2.3.3 The 1987 Case Definition of AIDS; 2.3.4 The 1993 Case Definition of AIDS; 2.3.5 Impact of 1993 Case Definition on Women and Overall Epidemiology in the U.S.; 2.3.6 1999 and 2008 Case Definitions for HIV/AIDS; 2.3.7 2014 Case Definitions for HIV/AIDS
2.4 Overview of HIV Testing and the Fight Against AIDS2.4.1 Development of HIV Rapid Testing; 2.4.2 Reduction of Mother-to-Child Transmission; 2.4.3 Ten-Year Trends in HIV Testing; 2.4.4 FDA Approval of the First Over-the-Counter Home-Based Rapid HIV Test; 2.5 Development and Impact of Antiretroviral Medication; 2.6 Summary; References; 3 Gay Men and Men Who Have Sex with Men: Intersectionality and Syndemics; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 The Syndemic Framework; 3.3 Intersectionality; 3.4 The Burden of HIV Among Gay Men and MSM; 3.5 Gay Men and MSM's Epidemic- and Endemic-Level of Diseases
3.5.1 Sexually-Transmitted Infections3.5.2 Mental Illness; 3.5.3 Substance Use; 3.6 Social Ecology; 3.6.1 Childhood and Adulthood Victimization; 3.6.2 Poverty and Marginalization; 3.6.3 Intersectional Understanding of Social Ecologies; 3.7 Post Hoc and Empirical Tests of Syndemic Theory Applied to Gay Men and MSM; 3.8 Resiliency, Love, Affection, and Pleasure; 3.9 Summary; References; 4 The Role of Syndemic in Explaining Health Disparities Among Bisexual Men: A Blueprint for a Theoretically Informed Perspective; 4.1 Health Disparities Among MSM: Distinctions Between Gay and Bisexual Men
4.2 Prevalence of Bisexual Behavior Among Men4.3 Early Life Adversities in Bisexual Men; 4.4 Psychosocial Syndemics Among Bisexual Men; 4.5 Sexual Risk Behavior Disparities Among Bisexual Men; 4.6 Disparities in Health Care Access/Utilization and Health Outcomes; 4.7 HIV-Related Interventions for Bisexual Men; 4.8 Summary and Implications; Acknowledgments; References; 5 It's not just About Condoms and Sex: Using Syndemic Theory to Examine Social Risks of HIV Among Transgender Women; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 The Transgender Population; 5.3 Transgender Terminology
2 A Historical Overview of the Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in the United States2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Origin of the HIV Epidemic in the United States; 2.3 Evolution of the AIDS Case Definition and the Discovery of the HIV-1 Virus; 2.3.1 The 1982 Case Definition of AIDS; 2.3.2 The 1985 Case Definition of AIDS; 2.3.3 The 1987 Case Definition of AIDS; 2.3.4 The 1993 Case Definition of AIDS; 2.3.5 Impact of 1993 Case Definition on Women and Overall Epidemiology in the U.S.; 2.3.6 1999 and 2008 Case Definitions for HIV/AIDS; 2.3.7 2014 Case Definitions for HIV/AIDS
2.4 Overview of HIV Testing and the Fight Against AIDS2.4.1 Development of HIV Rapid Testing; 2.4.2 Reduction of Mother-to-Child Transmission; 2.4.3 Ten-Year Trends in HIV Testing; 2.4.4 FDA Approval of the First Over-the-Counter Home-Based Rapid HIV Test; 2.5 Development and Impact of Antiretroviral Medication; 2.6 Summary; References; 3 Gay Men and Men Who Have Sex with Men: Intersectionality and Syndemics; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 The Syndemic Framework; 3.3 Intersectionality; 3.4 The Burden of HIV Among Gay Men and MSM; 3.5 Gay Men and MSM's Epidemic- and Endemic-Level of Diseases
3.5.1 Sexually-Transmitted Infections3.5.2 Mental Illness; 3.5.3 Substance Use; 3.6 Social Ecology; 3.6.1 Childhood and Adulthood Victimization; 3.6.2 Poverty and Marginalization; 3.6.3 Intersectional Understanding of Social Ecologies; 3.7 Post Hoc and Empirical Tests of Syndemic Theory Applied to Gay Men and MSM; 3.8 Resiliency, Love, Affection, and Pleasure; 3.9 Summary; References; 4 The Role of Syndemic in Explaining Health Disparities Among Bisexual Men: A Blueprint for a Theoretically Informed Perspective; 4.1 Health Disparities Among MSM: Distinctions Between Gay and Bisexual Men
4.2 Prevalence of Bisexual Behavior Among Men4.3 Early Life Adversities in Bisexual Men; 4.4 Psychosocial Syndemics Among Bisexual Men; 4.5 Sexual Risk Behavior Disparities Among Bisexual Men; 4.6 Disparities in Health Care Access/Utilization and Health Outcomes; 4.7 HIV-Related Interventions for Bisexual Men; 4.8 Summary and Implications; Acknowledgments; References; 5 It's not just About Condoms and Sex: Using Syndemic Theory to Examine Social Risks of HIV Among Transgender Women; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 The Transgender Population; 5.3 Transgender Terminology