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Dedication; Foreword; Preface; Contents; An Appraisal of Conservation Tillage on the Soil Physical Properties; 1 Introduction; 2 Tillage Systems; 2.1 Conventional Tillage; 2.2 Intensive Tillage; 2.3 Conservation Tillage; 2.3.1 No-Tillage (No-Till, Zero-Till, Slot Planting, Sod Planting, Eco- fallow, Chemical- Fallow, Direct Drilling); 2.3.2 Reduced Tillage; 2.3.3 Ridge Tillage; 2.3.4 Stubble Mulch Tillage; 3 The Principles of Conservation Agriculture; 4 Comparison of Tillage Systems; 5 Conservation Tillage Effects on Soil Physical Properties; 5.1 Soil Structure and Soil Aggregation
5.2 Bulk Density, Porosity and Penetration Resistance5.3 Soil Strength and Stability; 5.4 Hydraulic Conductivity, Infiltration Rate and Moisture Content; 5.5 Soil Aeration and Soil Temperature; 5.6 Soil Erosion; 6 Constraints in the Adoption of Conservation Tillage; 7 Conclusion; References; Degraded Soils: Origin, Types and Management; 1 Land Degradation; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Causes of Land Degradation; 1.3 Processes of Land Degradation; 1.3.1 Soil Erosion; 1.3.2 Soil Salinization; 1.3.3 Water Logging; 1.3.4 Decline in Soil Fertility; 1.4 Types of Land Degradation; 2 Soil Salinity
2.1 Salt Affected Soils2.1.1 Saline Soils; 2.1.2 Saline-Sodic Soils; 2.1.3 Sodic Soils; 2.2 Origin of Salt Effected Soils; 2.2.1 Soil Weathering Process; 2.2.2 Accumulation on the Surface Due to Irrigation Under Inadequate Drainage; 2.2.3 Shallow Water Table; 2.2.4 Fossil Salts; 2.2.5 Seepage from the Upslope Containing Salts; 2.2.6 Ocean; 2.2.7 Chemical Fertilizer and Waste Materials; 2.3 Causes of Salt Affected Soils; 2.3.1 Primary Salinity; 2.3.2 Secondary Salinity; 2.3.2.1 Deforestation; 2.3.2.2 Accumulation of Air-Borne or Water-Borne Salts in Soils; 2.3.2.3 Contamination with Chemicals
2.3.2.4 Overgrazing2.3.2.5 Fallowing; 2.4 Impact of Salt Affected Soil on Plant; 2.4.1 Osmotic Deregulation; 2.4.2 Nutrition Imbalance; 2.4.3 Structure and Permeability Problem of Salts in the Soil; 2.5 Reclamation of Salt-Affected Soils; 2.5.1 Physical Methods; 2.5.2 Chemical Process; 2.5.3 Organic Matter; 2.5.4 Biological Methods; 2.5.5 Hydro-Technical Method; 2.5.6 Electro-Reclamation Method; 2.5.7 Combination of Organic and Chemical Amendments; 2.6 Management of Salt Effected Soils; 2.6.1 Management of Saline Soils; 2.6.1.1 Leaching; 2.6.1.2 Irrigation Method; 2.6.1.3 Mulching
2.6.2 Management of Sodic Soils2.6.2.1 Drainage; 2.6.2.2 Tillage and Amendments; 2.6.2.3 Supplying Calcium to Improve Water Infiltration; 2.6.2.4 Irrigation Water Management; 2.6.3 Management of Saline-Sodic Soils; 2.6.4 Adaptations of Salt Tolerant Plants; 3 Soil Erosion; 3.1 Types of Soil Erosion; 3.1.1 Water Erosion; 3.1.2 Wind Erosion; 3.2 Causes of Erosion; 3.2.1 Soil Structure; 3.2.2 The Role of Vegetative Cover; 3.2.3 Land Topography; 3.2.4 Disturbances; 3.3 Assessing Soil Erosion; 3.3.1 Worldwide Cropland; 3.4 Effects of Soil Erosion on Terrestrial Ecosystems; 3.4.1 Water Availability
5.2 Bulk Density, Porosity and Penetration Resistance5.3 Soil Strength and Stability; 5.4 Hydraulic Conductivity, Infiltration Rate and Moisture Content; 5.5 Soil Aeration and Soil Temperature; 5.6 Soil Erosion; 6 Constraints in the Adoption of Conservation Tillage; 7 Conclusion; References; Degraded Soils: Origin, Types and Management; 1 Land Degradation; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Causes of Land Degradation; 1.3 Processes of Land Degradation; 1.3.1 Soil Erosion; 1.3.2 Soil Salinization; 1.3.3 Water Logging; 1.3.4 Decline in Soil Fertility; 1.4 Types of Land Degradation; 2 Soil Salinity
2.1 Salt Affected Soils2.1.1 Saline Soils; 2.1.2 Saline-Sodic Soils; 2.1.3 Sodic Soils; 2.2 Origin of Salt Effected Soils; 2.2.1 Soil Weathering Process; 2.2.2 Accumulation on the Surface Due to Irrigation Under Inadequate Drainage; 2.2.3 Shallow Water Table; 2.2.4 Fossil Salts; 2.2.5 Seepage from the Upslope Containing Salts; 2.2.6 Ocean; 2.2.7 Chemical Fertilizer and Waste Materials; 2.3 Causes of Salt Affected Soils; 2.3.1 Primary Salinity; 2.3.2 Secondary Salinity; 2.3.2.1 Deforestation; 2.3.2.2 Accumulation of Air-Borne or Water-Borne Salts in Soils; 2.3.2.3 Contamination with Chemicals
2.3.2.4 Overgrazing2.3.2.5 Fallowing; 2.4 Impact of Salt Affected Soil on Plant; 2.4.1 Osmotic Deregulation; 2.4.2 Nutrition Imbalance; 2.4.3 Structure and Permeability Problem of Salts in the Soil; 2.5 Reclamation of Salt-Affected Soils; 2.5.1 Physical Methods; 2.5.2 Chemical Process; 2.5.3 Organic Matter; 2.5.4 Biological Methods; 2.5.5 Hydro-Technical Method; 2.5.6 Electro-Reclamation Method; 2.5.7 Combination of Organic and Chemical Amendments; 2.6 Management of Salt Effected Soils; 2.6.1 Management of Saline Soils; 2.6.1.1 Leaching; 2.6.1.2 Irrigation Method; 2.6.1.3 Mulching
2.6.2 Management of Sodic Soils2.6.2.1 Drainage; 2.6.2.2 Tillage and Amendments; 2.6.2.3 Supplying Calcium to Improve Water Infiltration; 2.6.2.4 Irrigation Water Management; 2.6.3 Management of Saline-Sodic Soils; 2.6.4 Adaptations of Salt Tolerant Plants; 3 Soil Erosion; 3.1 Types of Soil Erosion; 3.1.1 Water Erosion; 3.1.2 Wind Erosion; 3.2 Causes of Erosion; 3.2.1 Soil Structure; 3.2.2 The Role of Vegetative Cover; 3.2.3 Land Topography; 3.2.4 Disturbances; 3.3 Assessing Soil Erosion; 3.3.1 Worldwide Cropland; 3.4 Effects of Soil Erosion on Terrestrial Ecosystems; 3.4.1 Water Availability