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Preface; Contents; Prevalence of Pulmonary Infections Caused by Atypical Pathogens in non-HIV Immunocompromised Patients; 1 Introduction; 2 Methods; 2.1 Patients; 2.2 Bronchoscopy Procedure; 2.3 Microbiological Procedure; 2.4 Data Collection and Analysis; 3 Results; 4 Discussion; References; Effects of S-Nitroso-N-Acetyl-Penicillamine (SNAP) on Inflammation, Lung Tissue Apoptosis and iNOS Activity in a Rabbit Model ...; 1 Introduction; 2 Methods; 2.1 General Design of Experiments; 2.2 Counting of Cells in Bronchoalveolar Fluid (BALF); 2.3 Expression of iNOS mRNA Using Quantitative PCR
2.4 Markers of Inflammation and Lung Injury2.4.1 Preparation of Lung Tissue Homogenate; 2.4.2 Measurement of Markers of Inflammation and Lung Injury by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA); 2.4.3 Measurement of Lipid Peroxidation; 2.4.4 Measurement of Nitrite/Nitrate Concentration; 2.5 Apoptosis Assays; 2.5.1 In Situ Labeling of DNA Strand Breaks by TUNEL Method; 2.5.2 Measurement of Caspase-3 Concentration in the Lung Homogenate by ELISA Method; 2.6 Statistical Analysis; 3 Results; 3.1 Cells in BALF; 3.2 Markers of Inflammation and Lung Injury
3.3 iNOS mRNA in Lung Tissue and Nitrite/Nitrate in Plasma3.4 Apoptosis in Lung Tissue; 4 Discussion; 5 Conclusions; References; Combination Therapy with Budesonide and Salmeterol in Experimental Allergic Inflammation; 1 Introduction; 2 Methods; 2.1 Experimental Groups; 2.2 Experimentally Induced Allergic Airway Inflammation; 2.3 Evaluation of Airway Smooth Muscle Reactivity in Vivo; 2.4 Evaluation of Cough Reflex in Vivo; 2.5 Evaluation of Ciliary Beat Frequency (CBF) in Vitro; 2.6 Evaluation of Cytokines in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid (BALF); 2.7 Statistical Analysis; 3 Results
3.1 Cough Reflex3.2 Airway Reactivity
Specific Airway Resistance (sRaw); 3.3 Ciliary Beat Frequency (CBF); 3.4 Inflammatory Cytokines in Bronchoalveolar Fluid (BALF); 4 Discussion; References; Monoclonal Antibodies for the Management of Severe Asthma; 1 Introduction; 2 Omalizumab; 2.1 Clinical Efficacy; 3 Other Anti-IgE Antibodies; 3.1 Mepolizumab; 3.2 Reslizumab; 3.3 Benralizumab; 3.4 Anrukinzumab/Lebrikizumab/Tralokinumab; 3.5 Daclizumab; 3.6 Dupilumab; 3.7 T helper (Th) cytokines; 3.8 Brodalumab; 4 Other Candidate Anti-Inflammatory Drugs with Potential Therapeutic Effect in Asthma
2.4 Markers of Inflammation and Lung Injury2.4.1 Preparation of Lung Tissue Homogenate; 2.4.2 Measurement of Markers of Inflammation and Lung Injury by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA); 2.4.3 Measurement of Lipid Peroxidation; 2.4.4 Measurement of Nitrite/Nitrate Concentration; 2.5 Apoptosis Assays; 2.5.1 In Situ Labeling of DNA Strand Breaks by TUNEL Method; 2.5.2 Measurement of Caspase-3 Concentration in the Lung Homogenate by ELISA Method; 2.6 Statistical Analysis; 3 Results; 3.1 Cells in BALF; 3.2 Markers of Inflammation and Lung Injury
3.3 iNOS mRNA in Lung Tissue and Nitrite/Nitrate in Plasma3.4 Apoptosis in Lung Tissue; 4 Discussion; 5 Conclusions; References; Combination Therapy with Budesonide and Salmeterol in Experimental Allergic Inflammation; 1 Introduction; 2 Methods; 2.1 Experimental Groups; 2.2 Experimentally Induced Allergic Airway Inflammation; 2.3 Evaluation of Airway Smooth Muscle Reactivity in Vivo; 2.4 Evaluation of Cough Reflex in Vivo; 2.5 Evaluation of Ciliary Beat Frequency (CBF) in Vitro; 2.6 Evaluation of Cytokines in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid (BALF); 2.7 Statistical Analysis; 3 Results
3.1 Cough Reflex3.2 Airway Reactivity
Specific Airway Resistance (sRaw); 3.3 Ciliary Beat Frequency (CBF); 3.4 Inflammatory Cytokines in Bronchoalveolar Fluid (BALF); 4 Discussion; References; Monoclonal Antibodies for the Management of Severe Asthma; 1 Introduction; 2 Omalizumab; 2.1 Clinical Efficacy; 3 Other Anti-IgE Antibodies; 3.1 Mepolizumab; 3.2 Reslizumab; 3.3 Benralizumab; 3.4 Anrukinzumab/Lebrikizumab/Tralokinumab; 3.5 Daclizumab; 3.6 Dupilumab; 3.7 T helper (Th) cytokines; 3.8 Brodalumab; 4 Other Candidate Anti-Inflammatory Drugs with Potential Therapeutic Effect in Asthma