Aspergillus Biofilms in Human Disease; 1 Introduction; 2 Where May Aspergillus Biofilms Be Important?; 2.1 Upper Airways; 2.2 Lower Airways; 3 Wounds; 4 Medical Devices; 5 Antifungal Treatments; 6 Efflux Pumps; 7 Extracellular Matrix; 8 Previous Therapy; 9 Other Approaches; 10 Concluding Remarks; References; Candida albicans in Multispecies Oral Communities; A Keystone Commensal?; 1 Introduction; 1.1 The Oral Cavity; 1.2 Oral Ecology; 1.3 Oral Fungi Focussed on Disease; 1.4 Oral Fungi in Health; 2 Type of Bacterium-Fungus Interactions Related to Health; 2.1 Physical Interactions

Box 1: How oral bacteria impact healthy physiology2.2 Chemical Interactions; 2.3 Metabolic Interactions; 3 Keystone Organisms ́Theory; 3.1 Keystone Pathogens in Oral Diseases; 4 Conclusion; References; The Extracellular Matrix of Fungal Biofilms; 1 Introduction; 2 Matrix of Bacterial Biofilms; 3 Fungal Matrix; 3.1 Tools for Studying the Matrix; 3.2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae; 3.3 Aspergillus fumigatus; 3.4 Cryptococcus neoformans; 3.5 Candida; 3.6 Role of Candida Matrix in Drug Resistance; 4 Conclusions; References; Fungal Biofilms: Update on Resistance; 1 Introduction

2 The Extracellular Matrix2.1 Matrix-Related Antifugal Resistance; 2.1.1 Candida albicans and other Candida spp.; 2.1.2 Aspergillus fumigatus; 3 Efflux-Pumps Activity in Fungal Biofilm and Expression of Drugs Targets; 4 Other Mechanisms Promoting Biofilm Resistance; 5 Unconventional Compounds to Implement Fungal Biofilm Treatment; 6 Drug Tolerance; 7 Conclusions; References; Fungi, Water Supply and Biofilms; 1 Introduction; 2 Biofilms in Water; 3 Methods Dedicated to Fungi Isolation from Water; 4 Fungi Isolated from Water; 5 The Fungi Isolated from Water Supply in Health Facilities

6 Transmission of Fungi Responsible for Water-related Infections in Health Facilities7 Specific Case of Dental Unit Waterlines; 8 Prophylactic and Curative Actions Developed in Hospitals; 9 Conclusion; References; Diagnostic of Fungal Infections Related to Biofilms; 1 Introduction; 2 Diagnostics for Candida Infections; 2.1 Culture Based Diagnostics; 2.2 Nonculture Based Diagnostics; 3 Diagnostics for Aspergillus Infections; 3.1 Culture Based Diagnostics; 3.2 Nonculture Based Diagnostics; 4 Biofilm Production in Fungal Isolates; 5 Antifungal Susceptibility Testing Assays

5.1 Planktonically-Growing Isolate Testing5.2 Sessile/Biofilm-Growing Isolate Testing; 6 Concluding Remarks/Future Perspectives; References; Disinfectants to Fight Oral Candida Biofilms; 1 Introduction; 2 Oral Candida Species ́Biofilms; 3 Oral Disinfectants; 3.1 Chlorhexidine; 3.2 Benzalkonium Chloride; 3.3 Nystatin; 3.4 Silver Nanoparticles; 3.5 Other Alternative Disinfectants; 4 Conclusions; References; Updates on Therapeutic Strategies Against Candida (and Aspergillus) Biofilm Related Infections; 1 Introduction; 2 Biology and Resistance of Biofilms