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Table of Contents
Preface; Contents; List of Contributors; Part I: Genesis, Physics and Chemistry; 1: Dipping into the Soda Lakes of East Africa; 1.1 Genesis, Occurrence and Definition of Saline Lakes; 1.2 Geological Setting of the Soda Lakes in East Africa; 1.3 Importance of Volcanism, Tectonics and Geothermal Activity in East Africa; 1.4 Precursor Lakes; 1.5 Biology of Soda Lakes; 1.6 Soda Lakes as Economic Resources and Resulting Threats to the Lakes; 1.7 Concluding Remarks; References; 2: Genesis of the East African Rift System; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Geodynamic Characteristics of the EARS
2.3 Pre-rift Tectonics2.4 Cenozoic Volcano-Tectonic Framework of the Ethiopian Rift System; 2.4.1 Afar Rift: Volcano-Tectonic and Sedimentological Records and Hydrological Features; 2.4.2 Main Ethiopian Rift; 2.4.2.1 Northern Sector: Volcano-Tectonic and Sedimentological Records; 2.4.2.2 Central Sector: Volcano-Tectonic and Sedimentological Records and Hydrological Features; 2.4.2.3 Southern Sector: Volcano-Tectonic and Sedimentological Records and Hydrological Features; 2.4.3 Broad Rift Zone of SW Ethiopia: Volcano-Tectonic and Sedimentological Records; 2.5 The Kenya Rift
2.5.1 Physiographic Features2.5.2 Rift Faulting Characteristics; 2.5.3 Rift Faulting Mechanisms; 2.5.4 Basins and Sedimentation in the Kenya Rift; 2.5.4.1 Turkana, Lokichar, and Suguta Basins; 2.5.4.2 Kerio, Baringo, and Bogoria Basins; 2.5.4.3 Nakuru, Elementaita, and Naivasha Basins; 2.5.4.4 Olorgesailie, Magadi, and Natron Basins; 2.6 The Tanzania Rift: Tectonics and Sedimentation in the Tanzania Rift Sector; 2.7 Western Rift; 2.7.1 Physiographic Features; 2.7.2 Cenozoic Volcano-Tectonic Framework; 2.7.2.1 Volcanism; 2.7.2.2 Tectonics, Basins, Lakes, and Sedimentation; 2.7.2.3 Saline Lakes
2.8 Overview of Paleoclimatic Records in the EARS2.9 Discussion; 2.10 Conclusions; References; 3: Morphometry and Physical Processes of East African Soda Lakes; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Morphometry; 3.3 Optical Conditions; 3.4 Stratification and Mixing; 3.4.1 Shallow Lakes; 3.4.2 Crater Lakes; 3.4.3 Chemically Stratified Lakes; 3.4.4 Large, Deep Lakes; 3.5 Temperature Trends and Climate Changes; 3.6 Future Directions; References; 4: Geochemistry of African Soda Lakes; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Hydrology and Climate; 4.3 Solutes and Alkalinity; 4.3.1 Chemical Weathering as a Source of Solutes
4.3.2 Acquisition of Alkalinity4.3.3 Hydrothermal Processes as Sources of Solutes; 4.4 Geochemical Evolution; 4.5 Conclusions; References; Part II: Organisms and Their Interactions; 5: Bacteria, Archaea and Viruses of Soda Lakes; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Soda Lake Bacteria; 5.2.1 Aerobic Chemoorganotrophs (African Soda Lakes); 5.2.2 Aerobic Chemoorganotrophs (The Rest of the Worldś Soda Lakes); 5.2.3 Anaerobic Chemoorganotrophs; 5.2.4 Chemolithotrophs; 5.3 Soda Lake Archaea; 5.4 Direct Molecular Analysis of Soda Lake Microbiota; 5.4.1 African Soda Lakes; 5.4.2 The Rest of the World's Soda Lakes
2.3 Pre-rift Tectonics2.4 Cenozoic Volcano-Tectonic Framework of the Ethiopian Rift System; 2.4.1 Afar Rift: Volcano-Tectonic and Sedimentological Records and Hydrological Features; 2.4.2 Main Ethiopian Rift; 2.4.2.1 Northern Sector: Volcano-Tectonic and Sedimentological Records; 2.4.2.2 Central Sector: Volcano-Tectonic and Sedimentological Records and Hydrological Features; 2.4.2.3 Southern Sector: Volcano-Tectonic and Sedimentological Records and Hydrological Features; 2.4.3 Broad Rift Zone of SW Ethiopia: Volcano-Tectonic and Sedimentological Records; 2.5 The Kenya Rift
2.5.1 Physiographic Features2.5.2 Rift Faulting Characteristics; 2.5.3 Rift Faulting Mechanisms; 2.5.4 Basins and Sedimentation in the Kenya Rift; 2.5.4.1 Turkana, Lokichar, and Suguta Basins; 2.5.4.2 Kerio, Baringo, and Bogoria Basins; 2.5.4.3 Nakuru, Elementaita, and Naivasha Basins; 2.5.4.4 Olorgesailie, Magadi, and Natron Basins; 2.6 The Tanzania Rift: Tectonics and Sedimentation in the Tanzania Rift Sector; 2.7 Western Rift; 2.7.1 Physiographic Features; 2.7.2 Cenozoic Volcano-Tectonic Framework; 2.7.2.1 Volcanism; 2.7.2.2 Tectonics, Basins, Lakes, and Sedimentation; 2.7.2.3 Saline Lakes
2.8 Overview of Paleoclimatic Records in the EARS2.9 Discussion; 2.10 Conclusions; References; 3: Morphometry and Physical Processes of East African Soda Lakes; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Morphometry; 3.3 Optical Conditions; 3.4 Stratification and Mixing; 3.4.1 Shallow Lakes; 3.4.2 Crater Lakes; 3.4.3 Chemically Stratified Lakes; 3.4.4 Large, Deep Lakes; 3.5 Temperature Trends and Climate Changes; 3.6 Future Directions; References; 4: Geochemistry of African Soda Lakes; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Hydrology and Climate; 4.3 Solutes and Alkalinity; 4.3.1 Chemical Weathering as a Source of Solutes
4.3.2 Acquisition of Alkalinity4.3.3 Hydrothermal Processes as Sources of Solutes; 4.4 Geochemical Evolution; 4.5 Conclusions; References; Part II: Organisms and Their Interactions; 5: Bacteria, Archaea and Viruses of Soda Lakes; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Soda Lake Bacteria; 5.2.1 Aerobic Chemoorganotrophs (African Soda Lakes); 5.2.2 Aerobic Chemoorganotrophs (The Rest of the Worldś Soda Lakes); 5.2.3 Anaerobic Chemoorganotrophs; 5.2.4 Chemolithotrophs; 5.3 Soda Lake Archaea; 5.4 Direct Molecular Analysis of Soda Lake Microbiota; 5.4.1 African Soda Lakes; 5.4.2 The Rest of the World's Soda Lakes