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About the Editors; Introduction; 1 The Evolution of Gibbons and Siamang; Hylobatids as Hominoids; Brachiation; Group Size; Hylobatid Morphotype; Body Size; Hylobatid Uniqueness; Diversification; Species Richness; Genetic Variation; Flamboyant Coat Colors, Hair Patterns, and Vocalizations; Habitat Flexibility; Continuous Distribution; References; 2 The Role of Historical and Fossil Records in Predicting Changes in the Spatial Distribution of Hylobatids; Introduction; Historical Biogeography and Species Ranges Changes in Southeast Asia; Predicting Future Biogeographic Changes
Hylobatid Historical and Fossil Records in Biogeographic ReconstructionReferences; 3 Locomotion and Posture in Ancestral Hominoids Prior to the Split of Hylobatids; Introduction; An Expanded Hominoid Positional Behavior Dataset; Torso-Orthograde Positional Behavior Among Extant Hominoidea; Torso-Orthograde Positional Behavior Among Extinct Hominoidea; Conclusions; Acknowledgements; References; 4 The Fossil Record and Evolutionary History of Hylobatids; Introduction; Ancestral Morphotypes and Hylobatid Specializations; Purported Hylobatids from the Oligocene and Miocene
Fossil Hylobatids from the Pleistocene of AsiaConclusions; Acknowledgements; References; 5 Hylobatid Evolution in Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Context; Introduction; East and Southeast Asia's Geologic History; The Ancient Hengduan Mountains and Related Geographic Separations; East and Southeast Asia's Paleoclimate and Consequences on Primate Evolution; The Emergence of the Tibetan Plateau and Asia's Monsoons; Sea-Level Changes and Sundaland's Paleorivers; Conclusion; References; Gibbon and Siamang Phylogeny; 6 Unique Evolution of Heterochromatin and Alpha Satellite DNA in Small Apes
Heterochromatin and Alpha Satellite DNAHigher-Order Repeat Structure in Alpha Satellite DNA; Difference in Chromosomal Location of Alpha Satellite DNA Among Genera; Replacement of Alpha Satellite DNA by a Transposon-Related Sequence; Application of Alpha Satellite DNA Probes to Genus Identification; Acknowledgments; References; 7 Phylogeny and Classification of Gibbons (Hylobatidae); Gibbons' Place Among Primates; Classification and Phylogeny Among Major Gibbon Lineages; Classification and Phylogeny Within Gibbon Genera; Conclusions; Acknowledgements; References
Evolution of Gibbon and Siamang Morphology and Locomotion8 Why Is the Siamang Larger Than Other Hylobatids?; Introduction; Materials and Methods; Results; Discussion; References; 9 Gibbons to Gorillas: Allometric Issues in Hominoid Cranial Evolution; Introduction; Scaling in Craniofacial Features; Hominoid Challenges for Allometric Assessments; Big Small Apes and Small Great Apes; HANCOVA (Hominoid ANCOVA); Conclusions; References; 10 The Torso-Orthograde Positional Behavior of Wild White-Handed Gibbons (Hylobates lar); Introduction; Methods; Study Site and Subjects; Observational Methods
Hylobatid Historical and Fossil Records in Biogeographic ReconstructionReferences; 3 Locomotion and Posture in Ancestral Hominoids Prior to the Split of Hylobatids; Introduction; An Expanded Hominoid Positional Behavior Dataset; Torso-Orthograde Positional Behavior Among Extant Hominoidea; Torso-Orthograde Positional Behavior Among Extinct Hominoidea; Conclusions; Acknowledgements; References; 4 The Fossil Record and Evolutionary History of Hylobatids; Introduction; Ancestral Morphotypes and Hylobatid Specializations; Purported Hylobatids from the Oligocene and Miocene
Fossil Hylobatids from the Pleistocene of AsiaConclusions; Acknowledgements; References; 5 Hylobatid Evolution in Paleogeographic and Paleoclimatic Context; Introduction; East and Southeast Asia's Geologic History; The Ancient Hengduan Mountains and Related Geographic Separations; East and Southeast Asia's Paleoclimate and Consequences on Primate Evolution; The Emergence of the Tibetan Plateau and Asia's Monsoons; Sea-Level Changes and Sundaland's Paleorivers; Conclusion; References; Gibbon and Siamang Phylogeny; 6 Unique Evolution of Heterochromatin and Alpha Satellite DNA in Small Apes
Heterochromatin and Alpha Satellite DNAHigher-Order Repeat Structure in Alpha Satellite DNA; Difference in Chromosomal Location of Alpha Satellite DNA Among Genera; Replacement of Alpha Satellite DNA by a Transposon-Related Sequence; Application of Alpha Satellite DNA Probes to Genus Identification; Acknowledgments; References; 7 Phylogeny and Classification of Gibbons (Hylobatidae); Gibbons' Place Among Primates; Classification and Phylogeny Among Major Gibbon Lineages; Classification and Phylogeny Within Gibbon Genera; Conclusions; Acknowledgements; References
Evolution of Gibbon and Siamang Morphology and Locomotion8 Why Is the Siamang Larger Than Other Hylobatids?; Introduction; Materials and Methods; Results; Discussion; References; 9 Gibbons to Gorillas: Allometric Issues in Hominoid Cranial Evolution; Introduction; Scaling in Craniofacial Features; Hominoid Challenges for Allometric Assessments; Big Small Apes and Small Great Apes; HANCOVA (Hominoid ANCOVA); Conclusions; References; 10 The Torso-Orthograde Positional Behavior of Wild White-Handed Gibbons (Hylobates lar); Introduction; Methods; Study Site and Subjects; Observational Methods