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Preface; Contents; 1 The Skin Lipidome Under Environmental Stress-Technological Platforms, Molecular Pathways and Translational Opportunities; Abstract; 1.1 Introduction; 1.1.1 Lipids of the Skin-Distribution of Stress Accessible Lipid Classes ; 1.2 Lipidomic Methods to Analyze One or More Lipid Classes; 1.2.1 Fatty Acyls (Fatty Acids, Eicosanoids, Endocannabinoids); 1.2.2 Glycerolipids (Tri- and, Di-Acylglycerols); 1.2.3 Glycerophospholipids (PC, PE, PI, PS, PG, PA, Cardiolipin) ; 1.2.4 Sphingolipids (Sphingomyelin, Sulfatides, Sphingosine, Ceramides, Gangliosides); 1.2.5 Sterol Lipids
1.2.6 Prenol Lipids1.2.7 Methods for Several Lipid Classes; 1.2.8 Lipid Organization; 1.2.9 Lipid Imaging; 1.3 How Stressors Affect the Lipidome; 1.3.1 Stress Induced Enzymatic Pathways that Affect the Lipidome; 1.3.1.1 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and Other Phospholipases; 1.3.1.2 Cyclooxygenases and Prostaglandin Synthases; 1.3.1.3 Lipoxygenases; 1.3.1.4 Peroxiredoxins; 1.3.1.5 PAF Acetyltransferase and PAF Hydrolase; 1.3.1.6 Other UV/Chemical Stress Regulated Lipid Metabolizing Enzymes; 1.3.2 Non-enzymatic Pathways that Affect the Skin Lipidome
1.4 Stress Generated Lipid Modifications and Bioactive Lipid Mediators1.4.1 Fatty Acyls Derived Bioactive Lipids; 1.4.1.1 EICOSANOIDS; 1.4.1.2 Endocannabinoids; 1.4.2 Glycerolipids (Tri-, Di-Acylglycerols) ; 1.4.3 Glycerophospholipids Derived Bioactive Mediators; 1.4.3.1 Phosphatidylethanolamines; 1.4.3.2 Phosphatidylcholines; 1.4.3.3 PAF-Like Lipids; 1.4.4 Sphingolipid Changes; 1.4.4.1 Ceramides; 1.4.4.2 Glycosphingolipids; 1.4.5 Bioactive Sterol Lipids; 1.4.6 Bioactive Prenol Lipids; 1.5 Translational Applications and Therapeutic Opportunities of Lipidomics
1.5.1 Drug Development Opportunities1.5.2 Mechanistic Insights into Disease from Lipidomics; 1.5.3 Cosmetic Applications; 1.5.4 Lipidomics for Biomarker Discovery ; References; 2 Squalene and Skin Barrier Function: From Molecular Target to Biomarker of Environmental Exposure; Abstract; 2.1 Introduction: The Human Skin, a Constantly Adaptive Organ; 2.1.1 Age-Related Changes; 2.1.2 Environment Exposure Changes; 2.2 Specificities of the Stratum Corneum; 2.2.1 A Cornified Protecting Barrier Covered by Sebum; 2.2.2 The Human Sebum; 2.2.2.1 Quantitative Aspects; 2.2.2.2 Qualitative Aspects
2.3 Squalene (SQ), a Key Element2.3.1 A Biological Human Curiosity; 2.3.2 Structure/Properties of SQ ; 2.3.3 Squalene, a Strong Acceptor of All Forms of Oxygen; 2.3.4 Squalene and the Resident Oxidative Skin Microflora; 2.3.5 Squalene Facing Singlet Oxygen Released by Porphyrins; 2.3.5.1 Effect of Some Anti-oxidants; 2.3.5.2 SQOOH Properties ; 2.4 Squalene as a Reliable Bio-marker of an Oxidative Environment; 2.4.1 In Real Life (In Vivo) Conditions; 2.4.2 Possible Influences of Other Factors from a Polluted Aerial Environment
1.2.6 Prenol Lipids1.2.7 Methods for Several Lipid Classes; 1.2.8 Lipid Organization; 1.2.9 Lipid Imaging; 1.3 How Stressors Affect the Lipidome; 1.3.1 Stress Induced Enzymatic Pathways that Affect the Lipidome; 1.3.1.1 Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and Other Phospholipases; 1.3.1.2 Cyclooxygenases and Prostaglandin Synthases; 1.3.1.3 Lipoxygenases; 1.3.1.4 Peroxiredoxins; 1.3.1.5 PAF Acetyltransferase and PAF Hydrolase; 1.3.1.6 Other UV/Chemical Stress Regulated Lipid Metabolizing Enzymes; 1.3.2 Non-enzymatic Pathways that Affect the Skin Lipidome
1.4 Stress Generated Lipid Modifications and Bioactive Lipid Mediators1.4.1 Fatty Acyls Derived Bioactive Lipids; 1.4.1.1 EICOSANOIDS; 1.4.1.2 Endocannabinoids; 1.4.2 Glycerolipids (Tri-, Di-Acylglycerols) ; 1.4.3 Glycerophospholipids Derived Bioactive Mediators; 1.4.3.1 Phosphatidylethanolamines; 1.4.3.2 Phosphatidylcholines; 1.4.3.3 PAF-Like Lipids; 1.4.4 Sphingolipid Changes; 1.4.4.1 Ceramides; 1.4.4.2 Glycosphingolipids; 1.4.5 Bioactive Sterol Lipids; 1.4.6 Bioactive Prenol Lipids; 1.5 Translational Applications and Therapeutic Opportunities of Lipidomics
1.5.1 Drug Development Opportunities1.5.2 Mechanistic Insights into Disease from Lipidomics; 1.5.3 Cosmetic Applications; 1.5.4 Lipidomics for Biomarker Discovery ; References; 2 Squalene and Skin Barrier Function: From Molecular Target to Biomarker of Environmental Exposure; Abstract; 2.1 Introduction: The Human Skin, a Constantly Adaptive Organ; 2.1.1 Age-Related Changes; 2.1.2 Environment Exposure Changes; 2.2 Specificities of the Stratum Corneum; 2.2.1 A Cornified Protecting Barrier Covered by Sebum; 2.2.2 The Human Sebum; 2.2.2.1 Quantitative Aspects; 2.2.2.2 Qualitative Aspects
2.3 Squalene (SQ), a Key Element2.3.1 A Biological Human Curiosity; 2.3.2 Structure/Properties of SQ ; 2.3.3 Squalene, a Strong Acceptor of All Forms of Oxygen; 2.3.4 Squalene and the Resident Oxidative Skin Microflora; 2.3.5 Squalene Facing Singlet Oxygen Released by Porphyrins; 2.3.5.1 Effect of Some Anti-oxidants; 2.3.5.2 SQOOH Properties ; 2.4 Squalene as a Reliable Bio-marker of an Oxidative Environment; 2.4.1 In Real Life (In Vivo) Conditions; 2.4.2 Possible Influences of Other Factors from a Polluted Aerial Environment