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Table of Contents
Preface; Contents; 1 An Overview of Optical Wireless Communications; Abstract; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Historical Overview and Current Status; 1.3 Existing and Envisioned Application Areas; 1.3.1 Ultra Short Range OWC Applications; 1.3.2 Short Range OWC Applications; 1.3.3 Medium Range OWC Applications; 1.3.4 Long Range OWC Applications; 1.3.5 Ultra Long Range OWC Applications; 1.4 Conclusions; References; 2 Optical Propagation in Unguided Media; Abstract; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Degrading Effects of Turbulence
2.3 Power Spectra of Turbulence in Free Space Optics (FSO), Slant Satellite and Underwater Links2.4 Rytov Method; 2.5 Extended Huygens-Fresnel Principle; 2.6 Average Received Intensity; 2.7 Intensity and Power Scintillation Index; 2.8 Bit Error Rate; 2.9 Beam Effects in Turbulent Medium; 2.10 Mitigation Methods to Reduce Turbulence Effects; 2.11 Sample Results; 2.12 Conclusions and Future Directions; References; 3 Effects of Adverse Weather on Free Space Optics; Abstract; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Gas Absorption; 3.3 Propagation Through Atmospheric Particulates; 3.3.1 Refractive Index of Water
3.3.2 Electromagnetic Computation: Mie Theory3.3.3 Asymptotic Theories; 3.4 Multiple Scattering Effects; 3.5 Fog and Clouds; 3.5.1 Fog Types; 3.5.2 Cloud Types; 3.5.3 Microphysical Characterization; 3.5.4 Specific Attenuation; 3.6 Rain; 3.6.1 Microphysical Characterization; 3.6.2 Specific Attenuation; 3.7 Snow; 3.7.1 Microphysical Characterization; 3.7.2 Specific Attenuation; 3.8 Conclusions and Recommendations; References; 4 Experimental Validation of FSO Channel Models; Abstract; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Total Attenuation; 4.3 Measurement of Fog Attenuation
4.4 Modeling of DSD in Fog and Clouds4.4.1 Experimental Data; 4.4.2 Analysis of LWC and PSA; 4.5 Rain Attenuation; 4.6 Impact of Atmospheric Turbulences; 4.7 Conclusion; References; 5 Channel Characterization and Modeling for LEO-Ground Links; Abstract; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Atmospheric Turbulence; 5.2.1 Scintillation; 5.2.2 Fading Statistics; 5.3 Measurements; 5.3.1 KIODO Campaign; 5.3.2 Instrument; 5.3.3 Results; 5.3.3.1 Power Scintillation; 5.3.3.2 Signal Fading; 5.4 Modeling Approach of Power Scintillation; 5.5 Conclusions and Future Directions; References
6 Channel Modeling for Visible Light CommunicationsAbstract; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Channel Modeling Approach; 6.3 CIR for an Empty Room; 6.4 Effect of Surface Materials, Objects, and Transmitter/Receiver Specifications on CIR; 6.5 Conclusion; Acknowledgments; References; 7 Diffraction Effects and Optical Beam Shaping in FSO Terminals; Abstract; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Wave Effects in OWC; 7.3 Modeling of Diffraction Effects in Terrestrial FSO Links; 7.4 Simulation, Assessment, and Discussion; 7.5 Geometrical and Pointing Loss; 7.6 Optical Beam Shaping; 7.7 FG Beams and Transformation Techniques
2.3 Power Spectra of Turbulence in Free Space Optics (FSO), Slant Satellite and Underwater Links2.4 Rytov Method; 2.5 Extended Huygens-Fresnel Principle; 2.6 Average Received Intensity; 2.7 Intensity and Power Scintillation Index; 2.8 Bit Error Rate; 2.9 Beam Effects in Turbulent Medium; 2.10 Mitigation Methods to Reduce Turbulence Effects; 2.11 Sample Results; 2.12 Conclusions and Future Directions; References; 3 Effects of Adverse Weather on Free Space Optics; Abstract; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Gas Absorption; 3.3 Propagation Through Atmospheric Particulates; 3.3.1 Refractive Index of Water
3.3.2 Electromagnetic Computation: Mie Theory3.3.3 Asymptotic Theories; 3.4 Multiple Scattering Effects; 3.5 Fog and Clouds; 3.5.1 Fog Types; 3.5.2 Cloud Types; 3.5.3 Microphysical Characterization; 3.5.4 Specific Attenuation; 3.6 Rain; 3.6.1 Microphysical Characterization; 3.6.2 Specific Attenuation; 3.7 Snow; 3.7.1 Microphysical Characterization; 3.7.2 Specific Attenuation; 3.8 Conclusions and Recommendations; References; 4 Experimental Validation of FSO Channel Models; Abstract; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Total Attenuation; 4.3 Measurement of Fog Attenuation
4.4 Modeling of DSD in Fog and Clouds4.4.1 Experimental Data; 4.4.2 Analysis of LWC and PSA; 4.5 Rain Attenuation; 4.6 Impact of Atmospheric Turbulences; 4.7 Conclusion; References; 5 Channel Characterization and Modeling for LEO-Ground Links; Abstract; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Atmospheric Turbulence; 5.2.1 Scintillation; 5.2.2 Fading Statistics; 5.3 Measurements; 5.3.1 KIODO Campaign; 5.3.2 Instrument; 5.3.3 Results; 5.3.3.1 Power Scintillation; 5.3.3.2 Signal Fading; 5.4 Modeling Approach of Power Scintillation; 5.5 Conclusions and Future Directions; References
6 Channel Modeling for Visible Light CommunicationsAbstract; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Channel Modeling Approach; 6.3 CIR for an Empty Room; 6.4 Effect of Surface Materials, Objects, and Transmitter/Receiver Specifications on CIR; 6.5 Conclusion; Acknowledgments; References; 7 Diffraction Effects and Optical Beam Shaping in FSO Terminals; Abstract; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Wave Effects in OWC; 7.3 Modeling of Diffraction Effects in Terrestrial FSO Links; 7.4 Simulation, Assessment, and Discussion; 7.5 Geometrical and Pointing Loss; 7.6 Optical Beam Shaping; 7.7 FG Beams and Transformation Techniques