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Table of Contents
Preface; Acknowledgments; A Comment on Plant Names; List of Abbreviations; Contents; 1: Introduction; 1.1 What Is an Epiphyte?; 1.2 Other Forms of Structurally Dependent Plants; 1.3 Other Classification Schemes; Box 1.1 Different classification schemes for epiphytes (after Benzing 1990, modified); 1.4 Epiphytes: A Life Form?; 1.5 Why Conquer Trees?; References; 2: Epiphyte Taxonomy and Evolutionary Trends; 2.1 Taxonomic Participation; 2.1.1 Plant Families with a Substantial Number of Vascular Epiphytes; Box 2.1 Epiphytes and Lithophytes
2.1.2 Future Changes in the Proportion of Epiphytic TaxaBox 2.2 Canopy Access; 2.2 The Conquest of Tree Canopies: ``Up ́́and Sometimes ``Down;́́ 2.3 How Biased Is Our Current View on Epiphytes?; References; 3: Biogeography: Latitudinal and Elevational Trends; 3.1 Latitudinal Trends; Box 3.1 Comparing Species Richness Patterns of Epiphytic and Terrestrial Ferns Along Elevational and Latitudinal Gradients (Di...; 3.2 Elevational Trends; 3.3 Diversity Patterns Within the Tropics; References; 4: Functional Anatomy and Morphology; 4.1 Plant Size
Box 4.1 Life form and Plant Size (Gerhard Zotz, Niklas Buhk, and Christoph Hahn)4.2 Shoot Architecture; 4.3 Gametophytes of Epiphytic Ferns; 4.4 Leaves; 4.5 A Special Case: Heteroblasty; 4.6 Roots; 4.7 Seed Size and Seed Morphology; References; 5: Physiological Ecology; Box 5.1 Size-Related Changes in Foliar delta13C Values of Vascular Epiphytes (Gerold Schmidt and Gerhard Zotz); 5.1 The Physical Setting; 5.2 Plant Water Relations; 5.3 Temperature and Plant Function; 5.4 Mineral Nutrition; 5.4.1 Nutrients in the Forest Canopy; 5.4.2 Nutrient Uptake
5.4.3 Nutrient Concentrations in Tissue of Vascular EpiphytesBox 5.2 Luxury Consumption in Epiphytic Bromeliads (Uwe Winkler and Gerhard Zotz); 5.4.4 Reproductive Investment; 5.4.5 Associations with Fungi and Cyanobacteria; 5.4.6 Special Nutritional Modes Related to Animals; 5.4.7 Intraspecific Variation in Hemiepiphytes and Facultative Epiphytes; 5.5 Photosynthesis, Carbon Gain, and Growth; Box 5.3 CAM Biomass in Epiphytes and Terrestrial Plants; 5.5.1 Foliar Carbon Gain; 5.5.2 Carbon Gain by Non-foliar Organs; 5.5.3 Whole Plant Carbon Budgets; 5.5.4 Light Flecks and Carbon Gain
5.5.5 Photoinhibition5.5.6 Growth; Box 5.4 Growth Analysis in Vriesea sanguinolenta (Stefan Wester, Cord Mikona, and Gerhard Zotz); 5.5.7 Atmospheric CO2, Net CO2 Uptake, and Growth; References; 6: Population Biology; 6.1 Diaspores; 6.2 Germination and Establishment; Box 6.1 Light Quality and Germination in Epiphytic Bromeliads (Eva-Maria Vo€mann, Stefan Wester, and Gerhard Zotz); 6.3 Growth and Survival; 6.4 Reproduction; 6.5 Survival on the Ground; 6.6 Comparative Plant Demography; Box 6.2 Population Matrix Analysis of an Epiphytic Orchid; 6.7 Metapopulations; References
2.1.2 Future Changes in the Proportion of Epiphytic TaxaBox 2.2 Canopy Access; 2.2 The Conquest of Tree Canopies: ``Up ́́and Sometimes ``Down;́́ 2.3 How Biased Is Our Current View on Epiphytes?; References; 3: Biogeography: Latitudinal and Elevational Trends; 3.1 Latitudinal Trends; Box 3.1 Comparing Species Richness Patterns of Epiphytic and Terrestrial Ferns Along Elevational and Latitudinal Gradients (Di...; 3.2 Elevational Trends; 3.3 Diversity Patterns Within the Tropics; References; 4: Functional Anatomy and Morphology; 4.1 Plant Size
Box 4.1 Life form and Plant Size (Gerhard Zotz, Niklas Buhk, and Christoph Hahn)4.2 Shoot Architecture; 4.3 Gametophytes of Epiphytic Ferns; 4.4 Leaves; 4.5 A Special Case: Heteroblasty; 4.6 Roots; 4.7 Seed Size and Seed Morphology; References; 5: Physiological Ecology; Box 5.1 Size-Related Changes in Foliar delta13C Values of Vascular Epiphytes (Gerold Schmidt and Gerhard Zotz); 5.1 The Physical Setting; 5.2 Plant Water Relations; 5.3 Temperature and Plant Function; 5.4 Mineral Nutrition; 5.4.1 Nutrients in the Forest Canopy; 5.4.2 Nutrient Uptake
5.4.3 Nutrient Concentrations in Tissue of Vascular EpiphytesBox 5.2 Luxury Consumption in Epiphytic Bromeliads (Uwe Winkler and Gerhard Zotz); 5.4.4 Reproductive Investment; 5.4.5 Associations with Fungi and Cyanobacteria; 5.4.6 Special Nutritional Modes Related to Animals; 5.4.7 Intraspecific Variation in Hemiepiphytes and Facultative Epiphytes; 5.5 Photosynthesis, Carbon Gain, and Growth; Box 5.3 CAM Biomass in Epiphytes and Terrestrial Plants; 5.5.1 Foliar Carbon Gain; 5.5.2 Carbon Gain by Non-foliar Organs; 5.5.3 Whole Plant Carbon Budgets; 5.5.4 Light Flecks and Carbon Gain
5.5.5 Photoinhibition5.5.6 Growth; Box 5.4 Growth Analysis in Vriesea sanguinolenta (Stefan Wester, Cord Mikona, and Gerhard Zotz); 5.5.7 Atmospheric CO2, Net CO2 Uptake, and Growth; References; 6: Population Biology; 6.1 Diaspores; 6.2 Germination and Establishment; Box 6.1 Light Quality and Germination in Epiphytic Bromeliads (Eva-Maria Vo€mann, Stefan Wester, and Gerhard Zotz); 6.3 Growth and Survival; 6.4 Reproduction; 6.5 Survival on the Ground; 6.6 Comparative Plant Demography; Box 6.2 Population Matrix Analysis of an Epiphytic Orchid; 6.7 Metapopulations; References