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Introduction; Forensics; References; 1 Individual and Societal Risk (RiskIS): Beyond Probability and Consequence During Hurricane Katrina; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Foundations: Culture, Society, and Risk; 2.1 Engineering Risk; 2.2 Culture and Risk Analysis; 2.3 Society and Risk Analysis; 3 A Review of Literature: The Influence of Culture and Society on Risk Analysis; 4 Case Application: Hurricane Katrina; 4.1 Context of Hurricane Katrina; 4.2 Action Taking: The Case for New Orleans During Katrina; 4.3 Limitations of RiskIS Framework; 5 Conclusions and Further Research
AcknowledgmentReferences; 2 Application of Problem Inversion to Cascading Critical Infrastructure Failure; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 The Direct Approach; 3 The Failure Analysis Questionnaire; 4 Hypothesizing Failure Modes; 4.1 Finding Resources Directly; 4.2 Obtaining New Resources; 4.3 Specific Failure Resources; 5 Correcting Failure Modes; 5.1 Preventing the Failure by Averting Its Causes; 5.2 Eliminating the Failure's Harmful Effects; 5.3 Stopping the Harmful Effects of the Failure; 6 Evaluating the Results; 6.1 Simplified Ideation Failure Analysis; 6.2 Resolve the Contradictions
7 Concluding RemarksReferences; 3 Heroes and Villains in Complex Socio-technical Systems; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Newtonian Science, Cause and "Human Error"; 3 Complexity Theory; 4 Synthesis, Holism, and Emergence; 4.1 Case Study: Florence Nightingale; 5 Foreseeability of Probabilities, not Certainties; 5.1 Case Study: Emergency Physician; 6 Time-Irreversibility; 6.1 Case Study: Eric Cropp; 7 Perpetual Incompleteness and Uncertainty of Knowledge; 7.1 Case Study: Mid Staffordshire; 8 What Does This Mean for Heroes and Villains in Complex Socio-technical Systems?; 9 Conclusion; References
4 Patient Safety and Disaster Forensics: Understanding Complex Causality Through Actor Network EthnographyAbstract; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Actor Network Theory; 2 Case Studies; 2.1 2003 US/CAN Blackout; 2.2 Uberlingen Mid Air Collision; 3 Discussion; 3.1 Actor Network Theory; 3.2 Actor; 3.3 ANT Processes; 3.4 Resident Pathogens (US/Canada Blackout); 3.5 Hardwired Politics: Uberlingen Case; 3.6 Socio-technical Systems: EDIS and Patient Safety; 4 Conclusion; Acknowledgments; References; 5 The Fog of Battle in Risk and Crisis Communication: Towards the Goal of Interoperability in the Digital Age
Abstract1 Introduction; 2 Social Media as a Communication Tool; 2.1 The Fog of Communication; 2.2 Interoperability as Fog; 3 Communicating with Creative Clarity; 3.1 Quantitative Risk Assessment as a Guide to Action; 3.2 The Shape of Emergency Response-Augmenting Alpha-Numerics?; 4 Martial Metaphors as Communication Guides; 5 Ambiguity Will Clearly Prevail; 6 Discussion; 6.1 There Are Few Easy Answers; 7 Areas for Further Research and Action; 8 Conclusion; References; 6 Disaster Forensics: Governance, Adaptivity and Social Innovation; Abstract; 1 Introduction
AcknowledgmentReferences; 2 Application of Problem Inversion to Cascading Critical Infrastructure Failure; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 The Direct Approach; 3 The Failure Analysis Questionnaire; 4 Hypothesizing Failure Modes; 4.1 Finding Resources Directly; 4.2 Obtaining New Resources; 4.3 Specific Failure Resources; 5 Correcting Failure Modes; 5.1 Preventing the Failure by Averting Its Causes; 5.2 Eliminating the Failure's Harmful Effects; 5.3 Stopping the Harmful Effects of the Failure; 6 Evaluating the Results; 6.1 Simplified Ideation Failure Analysis; 6.2 Resolve the Contradictions
7 Concluding RemarksReferences; 3 Heroes and Villains in Complex Socio-technical Systems; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Newtonian Science, Cause and "Human Error"; 3 Complexity Theory; 4 Synthesis, Holism, and Emergence; 4.1 Case Study: Florence Nightingale; 5 Foreseeability of Probabilities, not Certainties; 5.1 Case Study: Emergency Physician; 6 Time-Irreversibility; 6.1 Case Study: Eric Cropp; 7 Perpetual Incompleteness and Uncertainty of Knowledge; 7.1 Case Study: Mid Staffordshire; 8 What Does This Mean for Heroes and Villains in Complex Socio-technical Systems?; 9 Conclusion; References
4 Patient Safety and Disaster Forensics: Understanding Complex Causality Through Actor Network EthnographyAbstract; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Actor Network Theory; 2 Case Studies; 2.1 2003 US/CAN Blackout; 2.2 Uberlingen Mid Air Collision; 3 Discussion; 3.1 Actor Network Theory; 3.2 Actor; 3.3 ANT Processes; 3.4 Resident Pathogens (US/Canada Blackout); 3.5 Hardwired Politics: Uberlingen Case; 3.6 Socio-technical Systems: EDIS and Patient Safety; 4 Conclusion; Acknowledgments; References; 5 The Fog of Battle in Risk and Crisis Communication: Towards the Goal of Interoperability in the Digital Age
Abstract1 Introduction; 2 Social Media as a Communication Tool; 2.1 The Fog of Communication; 2.2 Interoperability as Fog; 3 Communicating with Creative Clarity; 3.1 Quantitative Risk Assessment as a Guide to Action; 3.2 The Shape of Emergency Response-Augmenting Alpha-Numerics?; 4 Martial Metaphors as Communication Guides; 5 Ambiguity Will Clearly Prevail; 6 Discussion; 6.1 There Are Few Easy Answers; 7 Areas for Further Research and Action; 8 Conclusion; References; 6 Disaster Forensics: Governance, Adaptivity and Social Innovation; Abstract; 1 Introduction