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Foreword; Introduction; Generalities, Measurement, andßEpidemiology; Classical Mineral andßBone Effects; Non-classical Effects ofßVitamin D; Kidney Transplantation; Therapeutical Aspects ofßVitamin D Supplementation andßtheßUse ofßVitamin D Analogs inßCKD; Contents; Contributors; Part I: Generalities, Measurement and Epidemiology; Chapter 1: Vitamin D Metabolism inßNormal andßChronic Kidney Disease States; 1.1 Vitamin D; 1.2 25-Hydroxyvitamin D; 1.3 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D; 1.4 Effects ofßChronic Kidney Disease; 1.5 The Vitamin D Receptor.
1.6 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D andß1,24,25-Trihydroxyvitamin D1.7 Other Metabolites; 1.8 C3-Epimer ofß25(OH)D; 1.9 24(OH)D2 or 1,24(OH)2D2; 1.10 Relation Between Vitamin D, 24(OH)D, andß1,25(OH)2D; 1.11 Conclusions; References; Chapter 2: Epidemiology ofßVitamin D Deficiency inßChronic Kidney Disease; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Assessment ofßVitamin D Status andßDefinition ofßVitamin D Deficiency; 2.3 Worldwide Epidemiology andßRisk Factors forßVitamin D Deficiency; 2.4 Epidemiology ofßVitamin D Deficiency inßNon-end-Stage Chronic Kidney Disease.
2.5 Epidemiology ofßVitamin D Deficiency inßEnd-Stage Chronic Kidney Disease2.6 Discussion andßConclusions; References; Chapter 3: Molecular Biology ofßVitamin D: Genomic andßNongenomic Actions ofßVitamin D inßChronic Kidney Disease; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Abnormalities inßVitamin D Bioactivation inßCKD; 3.3 Abnormalities inßGenomic andßNon-genomic Calcitriol/VDR Actions inßCKD; 3.4 Vitamin D Suppression ofßPTH Synthesis, Parathyroid Hyperplasia andßtheßOnset ofßVitamin D Resistance.
3.5 Vitamin D Maintenance ofßSkeletal andßVascular Integrity Unrelated toßtheßAttenuation ofßSecondary Hyperparathyroidism3.6 Vitamin D Induction ofßBone FGF23 Production andßRenal Klotho Content toßPrevent/Attenuate Hyperphosphatemia; 3.7 Vitamin D Downregulation ofßPathways that Reduce Renal Klotho; 3.8 Vitamin D Direct Anti-aging Actions Unrelated toßMaintenance ofßRenal Klotho; 3.9 Conclusions; References; Chapter 4: Vitamin D Receptor andßInteraction withßDNA: FromßPhysiology toßChronic Kidney Disease; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Vitamin D Biology andßUbiquity ofßtheßVDR.
4.3 Molecular Actions ofßVitamin D: TheßVitamin D Receptor4.4 VDR Structure; 4.5 Vitamin D Response Elements andßVDR Function; 4.5.1 Retinoid X Receptor andßCoregulators; 4.5.1.1 Coactivators ofßVDR; 4.5.2 Corepressors ofßVDR; 4.6 CKD Affects VDR Function; 4.6.1 Binding Characteristics ofßVDR inßRenal Failure; 4.6.2 Effect ofßUremic Toxins onßtheßVDR-DNA Binding Domain; 4.6.3 Effect ofßUremic Toxins onßRXR; 4.7 CKD Affects theßExpression ofßVDR; 4.8 Therapeutic Implications: Selective Vitamin D Receptor Activators inßCKD; References.
1.6 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D andß1,24,25-Trihydroxyvitamin D1.7 Other Metabolites; 1.8 C3-Epimer ofß25(OH)D; 1.9 24(OH)D2 or 1,24(OH)2D2; 1.10 Relation Between Vitamin D, 24(OH)D, andß1,25(OH)2D; 1.11 Conclusions; References; Chapter 2: Epidemiology ofßVitamin D Deficiency inßChronic Kidney Disease; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Assessment ofßVitamin D Status andßDefinition ofßVitamin D Deficiency; 2.3 Worldwide Epidemiology andßRisk Factors forßVitamin D Deficiency; 2.4 Epidemiology ofßVitamin D Deficiency inßNon-end-Stage Chronic Kidney Disease.
2.5 Epidemiology ofßVitamin D Deficiency inßEnd-Stage Chronic Kidney Disease2.6 Discussion andßConclusions; References; Chapter 3: Molecular Biology ofßVitamin D: Genomic andßNongenomic Actions ofßVitamin D inßChronic Kidney Disease; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Abnormalities inßVitamin D Bioactivation inßCKD; 3.3 Abnormalities inßGenomic andßNon-genomic Calcitriol/VDR Actions inßCKD; 3.4 Vitamin D Suppression ofßPTH Synthesis, Parathyroid Hyperplasia andßtheßOnset ofßVitamin D Resistance.
3.5 Vitamin D Maintenance ofßSkeletal andßVascular Integrity Unrelated toßtheßAttenuation ofßSecondary Hyperparathyroidism3.6 Vitamin D Induction ofßBone FGF23 Production andßRenal Klotho Content toßPrevent/Attenuate Hyperphosphatemia; 3.7 Vitamin D Downregulation ofßPathways that Reduce Renal Klotho; 3.8 Vitamin D Direct Anti-aging Actions Unrelated toßMaintenance ofßRenal Klotho; 3.9 Conclusions; References; Chapter 4: Vitamin D Receptor andßInteraction withßDNA: FromßPhysiology toßChronic Kidney Disease; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Vitamin D Biology andßUbiquity ofßtheßVDR.
4.3 Molecular Actions ofßVitamin D: TheßVitamin D Receptor4.4 VDR Structure; 4.5 Vitamin D Response Elements andßVDR Function; 4.5.1 Retinoid X Receptor andßCoregulators; 4.5.1.1 Coactivators ofßVDR; 4.5.2 Corepressors ofßVDR; 4.6 CKD Affects VDR Function; 4.6.1 Binding Characteristics ofßVDR inßRenal Failure; 4.6.2 Effect ofßUremic Toxins onßtheßVDR-DNA Binding Domain; 4.6.3 Effect ofßUremic Toxins onßRXR; 4.7 CKD Affects theßExpression ofßVDR; 4.8 Therapeutic Implications: Selective Vitamin D Receptor Activators inßCKD; References.