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Preface; Acknowledgements; Contents; Contributors; Editors' Biography; Part I: Lignin and Its Production; Chapter 1: Properties, Chemical Characteristics andßApplication ofßLignin andßIts Derivatives; 1.1 Occurrence ofßLignin inßBiomass; 1.1.1 Source, Monolignol Constituents andßSub-unit Structures; 1.1.2 Distribution, Content andßChemical Structures ofßLignin Sub-units; 1.1.3 Biological Functions; 1.1.4 Sources ofßTechnical Lignin andßTheir Promise inßBio-Ưrefining Process; 1.2 Techniques forßDetermining Structural andßChemical Features ofßLignin; 1.2.1 Importance ofßLignin Chemistry.
1.2.2 Lignin Content1.2.2.1 Wet Chemistry Methods; 1.2.2.2 Spectroscopic Methods; 1.2.3 Distribution ofßLignin; 1.2.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy andßAtomic Force Microscopy Methods; 1.2.3.2 Spectroscopy andßOther Microscopy Methods; 1.2.4 Molecular Weight andßPolydispersity; 1.2.5 Functional Side-Chain Groups; 1.2.5.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Methods; 1.2.5.2 UV andßGC-FID Methods; 1.2.6 Content ofßPhenolic Units ofßLignin; 1.2.7 Content ofßInter-molecular Linkages; 1.2.7.1 13C- andß31P NMR Methods; 1.2.7.2 FT-IR Spectroscopy Method.
1.2.8 Lignin-Lignin Linkages andßMacromolecular Assembly1.2.8.1 Chemical Oxidation andßGC-MS/FID Method; 1.2.8.2 Pyrolysis Degradation andßGC-MS/FID Method; 1.2.8.3 Chemo-Thermo Degradation Method; 1.2.8.4 Enzymatic Oxidization andßResonance Raman Spectroscopy Method; 1.3 Derivatization andßEnd-Use ofßLignin andßLignin Derivatives; 1.3.1 Sources ofßLignocellulosic Biomass forßTechnical Lignin Derivatives; 1.3.2 Application ofßLignin andßLignin Derivatives; 1.3.2.1 Energy; 1.3.2.2 Renewable Chemicals; 1.3.2.3 Materials andßAdditives; 1.4 Conclusions andßFuture Outlook; References.
Chapter 2: Extraction ofßTechnical Lignins fromßPulping Spent Liquors, Challenges andßOpportunities2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Kraft Pulping Process; 2.2.1 Properties of Black Liquor; 2.2.2 Acidification; 2.2.3 Membrane; 2.2.4 Electrolysis; 2.2.5 Solvent; 2.3 Prehydrolysis Based Kraft Process; 2.3.1 Properties ofßPHL; 2.3.2 Acidification ofßPHL; 2.3.3 Adsorption; 2.3.4 Flocculation; 2.3.5 In Situ Adsorption/Flocculation System; 2.4 Spent Liquor ofßSulfite Process; 2.4.1 Properties ofßSpent Liquor; 2.4.2 Membrane; 2.4.3 Amine Extraction; 2.4.4 Electrolysis; 2.4.5 Ion Exchange Resin.
2.5 Isolation ofßLignosulfonate fromßSpent Liquor ofßNSSC Process2.5.1 Properties ofßSpent Liquor inßNSSC Process; 2.5.2 Adsorption/Flocculation/Coagulation; 2.5.3 Solvent Extraction; 2.6 Conclusions andßFuture Outlook; References; Chapter 3: Recovery ofßLow-Ash andßUltrapure Lignins fromßAlkaline Liquor By-Product Streams; 3.1 Introduction andßBackground; 3.1.1 Low-Ash Lignins fromßAlkaline Liquors; 3.1.2 From Low-Ash toßUltrapure Lignins; 3.2 Low-Ash Lignins via theßSLRP Process; 3.2.1 Procedure; 3.2.1.1 Carbonation; 3.2.1.2 Acidification; 3.2.1.3 Filtration; 3.2.1.4 Vent-Gas Capture.
1.2.2 Lignin Content1.2.2.1 Wet Chemistry Methods; 1.2.2.2 Spectroscopic Methods; 1.2.3 Distribution ofßLignin; 1.2.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy andßAtomic Force Microscopy Methods; 1.2.3.2 Spectroscopy andßOther Microscopy Methods; 1.2.4 Molecular Weight andßPolydispersity; 1.2.5 Functional Side-Chain Groups; 1.2.5.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Methods; 1.2.5.2 UV andßGC-FID Methods; 1.2.6 Content ofßPhenolic Units ofßLignin; 1.2.7 Content ofßInter-molecular Linkages; 1.2.7.1 13C- andß31P NMR Methods; 1.2.7.2 FT-IR Spectroscopy Method.
1.2.8 Lignin-Lignin Linkages andßMacromolecular Assembly1.2.8.1 Chemical Oxidation andßGC-MS/FID Method; 1.2.8.2 Pyrolysis Degradation andßGC-MS/FID Method; 1.2.8.3 Chemo-Thermo Degradation Method; 1.2.8.4 Enzymatic Oxidization andßResonance Raman Spectroscopy Method; 1.3 Derivatization andßEnd-Use ofßLignin andßLignin Derivatives; 1.3.1 Sources ofßLignocellulosic Biomass forßTechnical Lignin Derivatives; 1.3.2 Application ofßLignin andßLignin Derivatives; 1.3.2.1 Energy; 1.3.2.2 Renewable Chemicals; 1.3.2.3 Materials andßAdditives; 1.4 Conclusions andßFuture Outlook; References.
Chapter 2: Extraction ofßTechnical Lignins fromßPulping Spent Liquors, Challenges andßOpportunities2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Kraft Pulping Process; 2.2.1 Properties of Black Liquor; 2.2.2 Acidification; 2.2.3 Membrane; 2.2.4 Electrolysis; 2.2.5 Solvent; 2.3 Prehydrolysis Based Kraft Process; 2.3.1 Properties ofßPHL; 2.3.2 Acidification ofßPHL; 2.3.3 Adsorption; 2.3.4 Flocculation; 2.3.5 In Situ Adsorption/Flocculation System; 2.4 Spent Liquor ofßSulfite Process; 2.4.1 Properties ofßSpent Liquor; 2.4.2 Membrane; 2.4.3 Amine Extraction; 2.4.4 Electrolysis; 2.4.5 Ion Exchange Resin.
2.5 Isolation ofßLignosulfonate fromßSpent Liquor ofßNSSC Process2.5.1 Properties ofßSpent Liquor inßNSSC Process; 2.5.2 Adsorption/Flocculation/Coagulation; 2.5.3 Solvent Extraction; 2.6 Conclusions andßFuture Outlook; References; Chapter 3: Recovery ofßLow-Ash andßUltrapure Lignins fromßAlkaline Liquor By-Product Streams; 3.1 Introduction andßBackground; 3.1.1 Low-Ash Lignins fromßAlkaline Liquors; 3.1.2 From Low-Ash toßUltrapure Lignins; 3.2 Low-Ash Lignins via theßSLRP Process; 3.2.1 Procedure; 3.2.1.1 Carbonation; 3.2.1.2 Acidification; 3.2.1.3 Filtration; 3.2.1.4 Vent-Gas Capture.