Preface; Contents; Chapter 1: Molecular Pathology of Cancer; Key Topics; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Functional Anatomy of the Cancer Cell; 1.3 History of Cancer Molecular Pathology; 1.4 Causes and Risk Factors of Cancer; 1.4.1 Infectious Causes of Cancer and Circulating Biomarkers; 1.5 The Biology of Cancer and Biomarkers; 1.6 Mutations as Cancer Biomarkers; 1.7 DNA Repair Mechanisms; 1.7.1 Direct Repair System; 1.7.2 Excision Repair; 1.7.2.1 Base-Excision Repair; 1.7.2.2 Nucleotide-Excision Repair; 1.7.2.3 Mismatch Repair; 1.7.3 Repair of Double-Strand Breaks

1.8 Oncogene and Tumor Suppressor Gene Alterations as Biomarkers1.9 Cancer Signaling Pathway Alterations as Biomarkers; 1.9.1 The Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) Signaling Pathway; 1.9.2 The Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI3K) Signaling Pathway; 1.9.3 The Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Signaling Pathway; 1.9.4 The Mesenchymal-Epithelial Transition (MET) Factor Signaling Pathway; 1.9.5 The Janus Kinase (JAK) Signaling Pathway; 1.9.6 The Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGFbeta) Signaling Pathway; 1.9.7 The Nuclear Factor-kB (NF-kB) Signaling Pathway; 1.9.8 Src Signaling in Cancer Invasion

1.9.9 Control of the Cell Cycle1.9.10 Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Signaling; 1.9.11 The WNT/beta-Catenin Signaling Pathway; 1.9.12 The Hedgehog Signaling Pathway; 1.9.13 The Notch Signaling Pathway; 1.10 Cell Death Processes and Cancer; 1.10.1 Nomenclature for Cell Death Processes; 1.10.2 Apoptosis; 1.10.3 Cancer Initiation as Defects in Apoptosis; 1.11 Multistep Carcinogenesis and Early Detection Cancer Biomarkers; 1.12 Personalized Cancer Care; 1.12.1 Nomenclature of Targeted Therapies; 1.12.2 Tests of Interest in Personalized Oncology; 1.13 Epigenetic Modifications and Cancer

1.13.1 DNA Methylation1.13.2 Histone Modification; 1.13.3 The Cancer Cell Epigenome; 1.14 Genetic Alterations in Cancer; 1.14.1 Chromosomal Alterations; 1.14.1.1 Chromosomal Instability; 1.14.1.2 Microsatellite Alterations; 1.14.1.3 Gene Amplification; 1.14.1.4 Telomere Dysfunction; 1.14.2 Gene Mutations; 1.14.2.1 Cancer Genome Consortia; 1.15 The Cancer Cell Transcriptome; 1.16 The Proteome or Peptidome; 1.16.1 Serum Peptidome; 1.16.2 Serum vs. Plasma Proteomics; 1.16.3 Issues with Proteomic Biomarker Studies; 1.17 The Cancer Cell Metabolome; 1.17.1 Body Fluid Metabolomics; 1.18 Summary

Internet ResourcesReferences; Chapter 2: Advanced Technologies for Body Fluid Biomarker Analyses; Key Topics; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 High-Throughput Technologies for Biomarker Analyses; 2.3 Next-Generation Sequencing; 2.4 Single-Cell Analysis; 2.4.1 Whole Genome Amplification; 2.4.2 Whole Transcriptome Amplification; 2.4.3 Whole Genome Analysis of Circulating Tumor Cells; 2.5 Proteomic Technologies for Body Fluid Analysis; 2.6 Gel Based (2D and DIGE); 2.7 Non-gel-based Proteomic Techniques; 2.7.1 Mass Spectrometry; 2.7.1.1 Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI)-MS