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Table of Contents
Acknowledgements; Preface; Contents; 1: Some Medical History, a Little Statistics and a Very Small Dose of Genetics; 1.1 Galen and His Influence; 1.2 Treating the Sick in Medieval Times; 1.3 An Early Example of a Medical Experiment; 1.4 Medicine and Health in the Nineteenth Century; 1.5 The Twentieth Century and Beyond; 1.6 Evidence, Statistics and the Scientific Method; 1.6.1 What Is Statistics and Why Is It Needed in Medicine?; 1.6.2 Confidence Intervals; 1.6.3 Relative Risk and Absolute Risk; 1.7 Health: Is It All in Our Genes?; 1.8 Final Comments; References; Books
Research Papers and Articles2: Treatments Good, Bad and Indifferent and How Do We Tell? The Randomized Clinical Trial; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 The Clinical Trial; 2.2.1 Historical Controls; 2.2.2 Blinding; 2.2.3 Informed Consent; 2.2.4 Compliance; 2.3 Four Clinical Trials; 2.3.1 An Early Major Trial: The Salk Polio Vaccine; 2.3.2 Evaluating a Controversial Treatment in Psychiatry: ECT for Depression; 2.3.3 AIDS and AZT; 2.3.4 The US Carvedilol Program; 2.4 Recognizing Good and Poor Clinical Trials; 2.5 Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis; 2.5.1 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Depression
2.5.2 Publication Bias2.6 Cost-Effectiveness in Clinical Trials; 2.7 Ethical and Other Issues with Clinical Trials; 2.8 Final Comments; References; Books; Research Papers; 3: Will Drinking too Much Coffee Result in a Heart Attack? Risk Factors and Health; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 An Early Example of an Epidemiological Study; 3.3 Investigating Risk Factors; 3.3.1 Surveys; 3.3.2 Case-Control Studies; 3.3.3 Cohort Studies; 3.4 Youŕe Never Alone with a Mobile Phone; 3.5 Should You Have that Extra Cup of Coffee?; 3.6 Two Examples Where Results from Observational and Experimental Approaches Disagreed
3.6.1 Coronary Heart Disease3.6.2 Postmenopausal Hormones; 3.7 Dealing Sensibly with Risk; 3.8 Final Comments; References; Books; Research Papers; 4: Letś Talk About Cancer; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Risk Factors for Cancer; 4.2.1 Smoking, Passive Smoking and Cancer; 4.2.2 Air Pollution and Cancer; 4.2.3 Do Children Living Near Nuclear Installations Have an Increased Risk of Leukaemia?; 4.3 Treating Cancer; 4.3.1 A Little History; 4.3.2 Cancer Treatment in the Twenty-First Century; 4.3.3 Herceptin and HER2-Positive Breast Cancer; 4.4 Caring for Terminally Ill Cancer Patients
4.5 Screening for Cancer4.5.1 Screening for Breast Cancer; 4.5.2 Screening for Cancer of the Uterine Cervix; 4.5.3 Final Comments About Screening; 4.6 Final Thoughts; References; Books; Research Papers; 5: Food, Weight and Lifestyle: Is Eating Too Much and Moving Too Little Bad for Your Health?; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Too Much Weight; 5.2.1 The Health Consequences of Being Obese; 5.2.2 Can Fat People Become Thin?; 5.3 Healthy Foods, Superfoods, Antioxidants and Food Supplements; 5.3.1 Food and Cancer; 5.3.2 Superfoods and Antioxidants; 5.3.3 Food Supplements
Research Papers and Articles2: Treatments Good, Bad and Indifferent and How Do We Tell? The Randomized Clinical Trial; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 The Clinical Trial; 2.2.1 Historical Controls; 2.2.2 Blinding; 2.2.3 Informed Consent; 2.2.4 Compliance; 2.3 Four Clinical Trials; 2.3.1 An Early Major Trial: The Salk Polio Vaccine; 2.3.2 Evaluating a Controversial Treatment in Psychiatry: ECT for Depression; 2.3.3 AIDS and AZT; 2.3.4 The US Carvedilol Program; 2.4 Recognizing Good and Poor Clinical Trials; 2.5 Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis; 2.5.1 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Depression
2.5.2 Publication Bias2.6 Cost-Effectiveness in Clinical Trials; 2.7 Ethical and Other Issues with Clinical Trials; 2.8 Final Comments; References; Books; Research Papers; 3: Will Drinking too Much Coffee Result in a Heart Attack? Risk Factors and Health; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 An Early Example of an Epidemiological Study; 3.3 Investigating Risk Factors; 3.3.1 Surveys; 3.3.2 Case-Control Studies; 3.3.3 Cohort Studies; 3.4 Youŕe Never Alone with a Mobile Phone; 3.5 Should You Have that Extra Cup of Coffee?; 3.6 Two Examples Where Results from Observational and Experimental Approaches Disagreed
3.6.1 Coronary Heart Disease3.6.2 Postmenopausal Hormones; 3.7 Dealing Sensibly with Risk; 3.8 Final Comments; References; Books; Research Papers; 4: Letś Talk About Cancer; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Risk Factors for Cancer; 4.2.1 Smoking, Passive Smoking and Cancer; 4.2.2 Air Pollution and Cancer; 4.2.3 Do Children Living Near Nuclear Installations Have an Increased Risk of Leukaemia?; 4.3 Treating Cancer; 4.3.1 A Little History; 4.3.2 Cancer Treatment in the Twenty-First Century; 4.3.3 Herceptin and HER2-Positive Breast Cancer; 4.4 Caring for Terminally Ill Cancer Patients
4.5 Screening for Cancer4.5.1 Screening for Breast Cancer; 4.5.2 Screening for Cancer of the Uterine Cervix; 4.5.3 Final Comments About Screening; 4.6 Final Thoughts; References; Books; Research Papers; 5: Food, Weight and Lifestyle: Is Eating Too Much and Moving Too Little Bad for Your Health?; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Too Much Weight; 5.2.1 The Health Consequences of Being Obese; 5.2.2 Can Fat People Become Thin?; 5.3 Healthy Foods, Superfoods, Antioxidants and Food Supplements; 5.3.1 Food and Cancer; 5.3.2 Superfoods and Antioxidants; 5.3.3 Food Supplements