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Contributors; Part I: Chronic Hepatitis C; Natural History of Chronic Hepatitis C; 1 Introduction; 2 Outcome of Acute Hepatitis C; 2.1 Clinical Course; 3 Outcome of Chronic Infection; 3.1 Retrospective Studies; 3.2 Prospective Studies; 3.3 Retrospective-Prospective Studies; 3.3.1 Studies Among Young Women; 3.3.2 Studies Among Young Children; 3.3.3 Studies of Post-Transfusion Hepatitis C; 3.3.4 Studies of Community Acquired HCV Infection; 4 Fibrosis Progression; 5 Natural History of HCV-Related Cirrhosis
6 Factors that Affect the Rate of Disease Progression and Outcome of Chronic Hepatitis C6.1 Host Factors; 6.1.1 Age at Infection; 6.1.2 Gender; 6.1.3 Race/Ethnicity; 6.1.4 Steatosis; 6.1.5 Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis; 6.1.6 Insulin Resistance/Diabetes; 6.1.7 Obesity; 6.1.8 Genetics; 6.1.9 Exercise; 6.1.10 ALT; 6.2 Viral Factors; 6.2.1 Co-infection with HBV; 6.2.2 HIV; 6.2.3 HCV Genotype; 6.2.4 Viral Load; 6.3 Environmental Factors; 6.3.1 Alcohol; 6.3.2 Smoking; 6.3.3 Cannabis; 6.3.4 Caffeine; 7 Summary; References; The Multifaceted Features of HCV Infection Beyond the Liver; 1 Introduction
2 Manifestations Associated with HCV Infection2.1 Cryoglobulinemia; 2.2 Renal Impairments and Glomerulonephritis; 2.3 Porphyria Cutanea Tarda; 2.4 Sjögrenś Syndrome; 2.5 Diabetes and Insulin Resistance; 2.6 Lipid Metabolism Disturbances and Steatosis; 2.7 Lichen Planus; 2.8 Oral Cancer; 2.9 Malignant Lymphoma; 2.10 Autoimmune Thyroid Disease; 2.11 Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonitis; 2.12 Myocardial Impairments; 2.13 Moorenś Ulcer; 2.14 Cognitive and Mental Disorders; 2.15 All-Cause Mortality in HCV-Seropositives; 3 Conclusion; References; Hepatic Fibrosis in Hepatitis C; 1 Introduction
2 Pathogenesis of Fibrosis3 Perpetuation of Liver Injury; 4 Intrahepatic Blood Flow and Fibrosis; 5 Effects of HCV Proteins on Fibrosis; 6 MicroRNAs and Fibrosis; 7 Innate Immune Response and Fibrosis; 8 Contribution of Adaptive Immunity; 9 Histologic Fibrosis; 10 Fibrosis Imaging; 11 Serum Markers of Fibrosis; 12 HCV and HIV Co-infection; 13 Contribution of Other Factors to Fibrosis; 14 Post-Transplantation Fibrosis; 15 Fibrosis Resolution; 16 Effects of HCV Treatment; 17 Anti-fibrotic Therapy; References; Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Hepatitis C Virus; 1 Epidemiology of HCV-Related HCC
2 The Role of HCV in Hepatocarcinogenesis2.1 Direct Role of HCV in HCC Development; 2.2 HCV Variants and HCC; 2.3 Alcohol and HCV-Related HCC; 3 Genetics of HCV-Related HCC; 3.1 Genetic Mutation and Polymorphism for HCC Susceptibility; 3.2 Profiles of Epigenetic Alterations in HCV-Related HCC; 4 Identified Mechanisms of HCV Proteins in Hepatocarcinogenesis; 4.1 HCV and Oxidative Stress; 4.2 HCV and Hepatocyte Cell Growth; 4.3 HCV and Insulin Resistance; 5 Role of Sex Hormones in HCV-Induced HCC Development; 5.1 Estrogen Axis and HCV-Related HCC; 5.2 Androgen Axis and HCV-Related HCC
6 Factors that Affect the Rate of Disease Progression and Outcome of Chronic Hepatitis C6.1 Host Factors; 6.1.1 Age at Infection; 6.1.2 Gender; 6.1.3 Race/Ethnicity; 6.1.4 Steatosis; 6.1.5 Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis; 6.1.6 Insulin Resistance/Diabetes; 6.1.7 Obesity; 6.1.8 Genetics; 6.1.9 Exercise; 6.1.10 ALT; 6.2 Viral Factors; 6.2.1 Co-infection with HBV; 6.2.2 HIV; 6.2.3 HCV Genotype; 6.2.4 Viral Load; 6.3 Environmental Factors; 6.3.1 Alcohol; 6.3.2 Smoking; 6.3.3 Cannabis; 6.3.4 Caffeine; 7 Summary; References; The Multifaceted Features of HCV Infection Beyond the Liver; 1 Introduction
2 Manifestations Associated with HCV Infection2.1 Cryoglobulinemia; 2.2 Renal Impairments and Glomerulonephritis; 2.3 Porphyria Cutanea Tarda; 2.4 Sjögrenś Syndrome; 2.5 Diabetes and Insulin Resistance; 2.6 Lipid Metabolism Disturbances and Steatosis; 2.7 Lichen Planus; 2.8 Oral Cancer; 2.9 Malignant Lymphoma; 2.10 Autoimmune Thyroid Disease; 2.11 Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonitis; 2.12 Myocardial Impairments; 2.13 Moorenś Ulcer; 2.14 Cognitive and Mental Disorders; 2.15 All-Cause Mortality in HCV-Seropositives; 3 Conclusion; References; Hepatic Fibrosis in Hepatitis C; 1 Introduction
2 Pathogenesis of Fibrosis3 Perpetuation of Liver Injury; 4 Intrahepatic Blood Flow and Fibrosis; 5 Effects of HCV Proteins on Fibrosis; 6 MicroRNAs and Fibrosis; 7 Innate Immune Response and Fibrosis; 8 Contribution of Adaptive Immunity; 9 Histologic Fibrosis; 10 Fibrosis Imaging; 11 Serum Markers of Fibrosis; 12 HCV and HIV Co-infection; 13 Contribution of Other Factors to Fibrosis; 14 Post-Transplantation Fibrosis; 15 Fibrosis Resolution; 16 Effects of HCV Treatment; 17 Anti-fibrotic Therapy; References; Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Hepatitis C Virus; 1 Epidemiology of HCV-Related HCC
2 The Role of HCV in Hepatocarcinogenesis2.1 Direct Role of HCV in HCC Development; 2.2 HCV Variants and HCC; 2.3 Alcohol and HCV-Related HCC; 3 Genetics of HCV-Related HCC; 3.1 Genetic Mutation and Polymorphism for HCC Susceptibility; 3.2 Profiles of Epigenetic Alterations in HCV-Related HCC; 4 Identified Mechanisms of HCV Proteins in Hepatocarcinogenesis; 4.1 HCV and Oxidative Stress; 4.2 HCV and Hepatocyte Cell Growth; 4.3 HCV and Insulin Resistance; 5 Role of Sex Hormones in HCV-Induced HCC Development; 5.1 Estrogen Axis and HCV-Related HCC; 5.2 Androgen Axis and HCV-Related HCC