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Table of Contents
Preface; References; Acknowledgments; Contents; Chapter 1: Why Obesity in Parents Matters; 1.1 The Challenge; 1.2 New Insights into the Importance of Healthy Early Development; 1.3 Obesity in Adolescents and Young People; 1.4 Meeting the Challenge; 1.5 Conclusion; References; Chapter 2: Maternal Obesity During Pregnancy and Cardiometabolic Development in the Offspring; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 The Generation R Study; 2.3 Maternal Prepregnancy Body Mass Index; 2.4 Maternal Gestational Weight Gain; 2.5 Causality of the Observed Associations; 2.5.1 Sibling Comparison Studies.
2.5.2 Parent-Offspring Comparison Studies2.5.3 Mendelian Randomization Studies; 2.5.4 Randomized Controlled Trials; 2.6 Underlying Mechanisms; 2.6.1 Maternal Exposures; 2.6.2 Programming Mechanisms; 2.7 Challenges for Future Epidemiological Research; 2.8 Conclusions; References; Chapter 3: Maternal Obesity and Gestational Weight Gain as Determinants of Long-Term Health; 3.1 The Global Prevalence of Maternal Obesity; 3.2 Implications of Maternal Obesity on Conception and Pregnancy Outcomes; 3.2.1 Preconception and Embryogenesis; 3.2.2 The Antenatal Period; 3.2.3 Gestational Weight Gain.
3.2.3.1 What Is Gestational Weight Gain?3.2.3.2 Excessive Gestational Weight Gain; 3.2.3.3 Below Recommended Gestational Weight Gain; 3.2.3.4 Assessment of Gestational Weight Gain; 3.3 Effect of Maternal Obesity and Gestational Weight Gain on Long-Term Health of the Child; 3.3.1 Developmental Programming Hypothesis; 3.3.2 The Influence of the In Utero Environment on Offspring Outcomes; 3.3.3 Pre-pregnancy Obesity; 3.3.4 Gestational Weight Gain; 3.4 Drawbacks of Birth CohortsIn Interpreting Matenal/Offspring Associations.
3.5 Dietary Determinants of Associations Between Maternal Exposures and Offspring Outcomes3.6 Summary; 3.7 Putative Mechanisms Relating Maternal Obesity to Offspring Outcomes; 3.7.1 Maternal Obesity, Oocyte Quality and Embryogenesis; 3.7.2 Metabolic Stress and the HPA Axis; 3.7.3 Adipokines; 3.7.4 The Metabolome; 3.8 Role of Interventions Studies; 3.9 Conclusion; References; Chapter 4: Young Maternal Age, Body Composition and Gestational Intake Impact Pregnancy Outcome: Translational Perspectives; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Adverse Pregnancy Outcome: Who Is at Risk?
4.2.1 Maternal Body Composition at Conception4.2.2 Young Maternal Age; 4.3 Nutrition, Growth and Pregnancy Outcome in Young Adolescent Sheep; 4.3.1 Basic Adolescent Sheep Paradigm; 4.3.2 Pregnancy Outcome in Overnourished Adolescents; 4.3.3 Pregnancy Outcome in Undernourished Adolescents; 4.3.4 BMI at Conception Versus Gestational Intake; 4.3.5 Donor Ewe Adiposity Versus BMI at Conception; 4.3.6 Maternal Adaptations to Diverse Gestational Intakes; 4.3.7 Placental Adaptations to Diverse Gestational Intakes; 4.3.8 Fetal Consequences of Diverse Gestational Intakes.
2.5.2 Parent-Offspring Comparison Studies2.5.3 Mendelian Randomization Studies; 2.5.4 Randomized Controlled Trials; 2.6 Underlying Mechanisms; 2.6.1 Maternal Exposures; 2.6.2 Programming Mechanisms; 2.7 Challenges for Future Epidemiological Research; 2.8 Conclusions; References; Chapter 3: Maternal Obesity and Gestational Weight Gain as Determinants of Long-Term Health; 3.1 The Global Prevalence of Maternal Obesity; 3.2 Implications of Maternal Obesity on Conception and Pregnancy Outcomes; 3.2.1 Preconception and Embryogenesis; 3.2.2 The Antenatal Period; 3.2.3 Gestational Weight Gain.
3.2.3.1 What Is Gestational Weight Gain?3.2.3.2 Excessive Gestational Weight Gain; 3.2.3.3 Below Recommended Gestational Weight Gain; 3.2.3.4 Assessment of Gestational Weight Gain; 3.3 Effect of Maternal Obesity and Gestational Weight Gain on Long-Term Health of the Child; 3.3.1 Developmental Programming Hypothesis; 3.3.2 The Influence of the In Utero Environment on Offspring Outcomes; 3.3.3 Pre-pregnancy Obesity; 3.3.4 Gestational Weight Gain; 3.4 Drawbacks of Birth CohortsIn Interpreting Matenal/Offspring Associations.
3.5 Dietary Determinants of Associations Between Maternal Exposures and Offspring Outcomes3.6 Summary; 3.7 Putative Mechanisms Relating Maternal Obesity to Offspring Outcomes; 3.7.1 Maternal Obesity, Oocyte Quality and Embryogenesis; 3.7.2 Metabolic Stress and the HPA Axis; 3.7.3 Adipokines; 3.7.4 The Metabolome; 3.8 Role of Interventions Studies; 3.9 Conclusion; References; Chapter 4: Young Maternal Age, Body Composition and Gestational Intake Impact Pregnancy Outcome: Translational Perspectives; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Adverse Pregnancy Outcome: Who Is at Risk?
4.2.1 Maternal Body Composition at Conception4.2.2 Young Maternal Age; 4.3 Nutrition, Growth and Pregnancy Outcome in Young Adolescent Sheep; 4.3.1 Basic Adolescent Sheep Paradigm; 4.3.2 Pregnancy Outcome in Overnourished Adolescents; 4.3.3 Pregnancy Outcome in Undernourished Adolescents; 4.3.4 BMI at Conception Versus Gestational Intake; 4.3.5 Donor Ewe Adiposity Versus BMI at Conception; 4.3.6 Maternal Adaptations to Diverse Gestational Intakes; 4.3.7 Placental Adaptations to Diverse Gestational Intakes; 4.3.8 Fetal Consequences of Diverse Gestational Intakes.