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Table of Contents
Preface; Contents; 1 Introduction to Vibration Energy Harvesting; 1.1 Historical Background; 1.2 Ambient Energy Sources for Harvesting; 1.3 Vibration Energy Harvesters; 1.4 Components of Vibration Energy Harvesters; 1.5 Nonlinearity in Vibration Energy Harvesters; 1.5.1 Role of Nonlinearities; 1.5.2 Examples of Useful Nonlinearities; 1.6 Scope and Structure of the Book; References; 2 MEMS Technologies for Energy Harvesting; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 MEMS Fabrication Processes; 2.2.1 IC Versus MEMS Fabrication; 2.2.2 Addition Processes for MEMS; 2.2.3 Etching Processes for MEMS.
2.2.4 MEMS Fabrication Strategies2.3 Nonlinear Mechanisms Used in Energy Harvesting with MEMS; 2.3.1 Bistable Potentials ; 2.3.2 Nonlinear Springs; 2.3.3 Nonlinear Energy Transfer by Impact; 2.4 Transduction Principles; 2.4.1 Electrostatic Transduction; 2.4.2 Electromagnetic Transduction; 2.5 MEMS Devices Based on the Piezoelectric Transduction Mechanism; 2.5.1 Piezoelectricity; 2.5.2 Properties of Piezoelectric Materials; 2.5.3 Piezoelectric Materials; 2.5.4 Piezoelectric Energy Harversters; References; 3 Oscillators for Energy Harvesting; 3.1 Linear Oscillator; 3.1.1 Free Linear Oscillator.
3.1.2 Forced Oscillator and Linear Resonance3.1.3 Equilibrium Points and Stability. An Oscillator as a Dynamical System; 3.2 Nonlinear Oscillators; 3.2.1 Free Nonlinear Oscillator ; 3.2.2 Forced Nonlinear Oscillator; 3.3 Resonators and Kinetic Energy Harvesting; 3.3.1 Architecture of a Kinetic Energy Harvester (KEH); 3.3.2 Design and Optimization of KEH; 3.3.3 Study of a General Case; 3.3.4 Case of a Narrow Band Resonator; 3.3.5 Conclusion; References; 4 Transducers for Energy Harvesting; 4.1 Capacitive Transducers; 4.1.1 Presentation of a Capacitive Transducer.
4.1.2 Electrical Operation of a Variable Capacitor4.1.3 Forces in a Capacitive Transducer; 4.1.4 Energy Conversion with a Capacitive Transducer; 4.1.5 Optimization of the Operation of a Capacitive Transducer ; 4.1.6 Electromechanical Coupling; 4.2 Piezoelectric Transducers; 4.2.1 Piezoelectric Mechanism; 4.2.2 Energy Harvesting Using Piezoelectric Transducers; References; 5 Nonlinear Structural Mechanics of Micro-and Nanosystems; 5.1 Literature Review; 5.2 Background; 5.2.1 Beams; 5.2.2 Electric Actuation ; 5.2.3 Perturbation Series and the Method of Multiple Scales; 5.2.4 Carbon Nanotubes.
5.3 Structural Behavior of Straight Carbon Nanotube Resonators5.3.1 Problem Formulation; 5.4 Dynamics of Slacked Carbon Nanotube Resonators; 5.4.1 Problem Formulation; 5.4.2 The Reduced-Order Model; 5.4.3 The Dynamic Response for Small DC and AC Loads; 5.4.4 The String Model; References; 6 Nonlinear Dynamics of Ambient Noise-Driven Graphene Nanostructured Devices for Energy Harvesting; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Graphene-Based Nanomaterials for Energy Harvesting; 6.3 Chapter Outline; 6.4 Mathematical Model of the Graphene Vibrating Membrane for Energy Harvesting Applications.
2.2.4 MEMS Fabrication Strategies2.3 Nonlinear Mechanisms Used in Energy Harvesting with MEMS; 2.3.1 Bistable Potentials ; 2.3.2 Nonlinear Springs; 2.3.3 Nonlinear Energy Transfer by Impact; 2.4 Transduction Principles; 2.4.1 Electrostatic Transduction; 2.4.2 Electromagnetic Transduction; 2.5 MEMS Devices Based on the Piezoelectric Transduction Mechanism; 2.5.1 Piezoelectricity; 2.5.2 Properties of Piezoelectric Materials; 2.5.3 Piezoelectric Materials; 2.5.4 Piezoelectric Energy Harversters; References; 3 Oscillators for Energy Harvesting; 3.1 Linear Oscillator; 3.1.1 Free Linear Oscillator.
3.1.2 Forced Oscillator and Linear Resonance3.1.3 Equilibrium Points and Stability. An Oscillator as a Dynamical System; 3.2 Nonlinear Oscillators; 3.2.1 Free Nonlinear Oscillator ; 3.2.2 Forced Nonlinear Oscillator; 3.3 Resonators and Kinetic Energy Harvesting; 3.3.1 Architecture of a Kinetic Energy Harvester (KEH); 3.3.2 Design and Optimization of KEH; 3.3.3 Study of a General Case; 3.3.4 Case of a Narrow Band Resonator; 3.3.5 Conclusion; References; 4 Transducers for Energy Harvesting; 4.1 Capacitive Transducers; 4.1.1 Presentation of a Capacitive Transducer.
4.1.2 Electrical Operation of a Variable Capacitor4.1.3 Forces in a Capacitive Transducer; 4.1.4 Energy Conversion with a Capacitive Transducer; 4.1.5 Optimization of the Operation of a Capacitive Transducer ; 4.1.6 Electromechanical Coupling; 4.2 Piezoelectric Transducers; 4.2.1 Piezoelectric Mechanism; 4.2.2 Energy Harvesting Using Piezoelectric Transducers; References; 5 Nonlinear Structural Mechanics of Micro-and Nanosystems; 5.1 Literature Review; 5.2 Background; 5.2.1 Beams; 5.2.2 Electric Actuation ; 5.2.3 Perturbation Series and the Method of Multiple Scales; 5.2.4 Carbon Nanotubes.
5.3 Structural Behavior of Straight Carbon Nanotube Resonators5.3.1 Problem Formulation; 5.4 Dynamics of Slacked Carbon Nanotube Resonators; 5.4.1 Problem Formulation; 5.4.2 The Reduced-Order Model; 5.4.3 The Dynamic Response for Small DC and AC Loads; 5.4.4 The String Model; References; 6 Nonlinear Dynamics of Ambient Noise-Driven Graphene Nanostructured Devices for Energy Harvesting; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Graphene-Based Nanomaterials for Energy Harvesting; 6.3 Chapter Outline; 6.4 Mathematical Model of the Graphene Vibrating Membrane for Energy Harvesting Applications.