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Cover; Title Page; Copyright; Preface; Contents; Part 1: State-of-the-art Observations for Advancing TC Research; 1: Advancing the Understanding and Prediction of Tropical Cyclones Using Aircraft Observations; 1. Introduction; 2. P-3 Aircraft; 3. Flight-level Observations; 4. Airborne Expendables; a. GPS Dropwindsondes; b. Expendable Ocean Probes; 5. Stepped Frequency Microwave Radiometer (SFMR); 6. Airborne Doppler Radar; 7. Improved Use of Observations: Hurricane Forecast and Improvement Programme (HFIP); a. Improving Initialization; b. Improved Model Evaluation
8. Future Observing Technologies9. Conclusions; Acknowledgements; REFERENCES; 2: Use of Satellite Observations in Tropical Cyclone Studies; 1. Overview; 2. Visible/Infrared Sensors; 3. Microwave Sensors; 3.1 Passive Microwave Sensors; 3.2 Active Microwave Sensors; 3.3 Microwave Sounders; 4. Some Interesting Applications of Satellite Data in Tropical Cyclone Research; 4.1a Prediction of Tropical Cyclogenesis Based on Infrared Images; 4.1b Prediction of Tropical Cyclogenesis Using Scatterometer Observations; 4.2 Initialization of Cyclonic Vortex in NWP Models
4.3 Assimilation of Satellite Observations of Atmospheric Ozone in NWP ModelsREFERENCES; Part 2: Advances in Numerical Weather Predictions for Tropical Cyclones; 3: Overview of the NOAA/NCEP Operational Hurricane Weather Research and Forecast (HWRF) Modelling System; 1. Introduction; 2. Atmospheric Model Components of HWRF; 2.1 Dynamic Core and Model Equations; 2.2 Moving Nest Algorithm; 2.3 Terrain Treatment and Topography; 2.4 Fine Grid Initialization and Mass Balancing; 2.5 Lateral Boundary Conditions; 2.6 Nest-to-Parent Feedback; 3. HWRF Vortex Initialization and Relocation
3.1 HWRF Cycling System3.2 Bogus Vortex Used to Correct Weak Storms; 3.3 Improvement of Vortex Representation: Storm Size Correction; 3.4 Improvement of Vortex Representation: Storm Intensity Correction; 4. HWRF Data Assimilation System (HDAS); 4.1 Hybrid EnKF-3DVAR Algorithm; 5. Physics in the HWRF Model; 5.1 Surface Layer Physics Parameterization; 5.2 Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) Parameterization; 5.3 Land Surface Model: The GFDL Slab Model; 5.4 Radiation Parameterization: GFDL Radiation Scheme; 5.5 Cumulus Parameterization: The Simplified Arakawa-Schubert (SAS) Scheme
5.6 Microphysics Parameterization: The Ferrier Microphysics Scheme6. Performance of the Operational HWRF; 6.1 HWRF Model Performance for the North Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Basins; 6.2 HWRF Model Performance for the North Western Pacific Basin; 6.3 HWRF Model Performance for the North Indian Ocean Basin; 7. Summary and Future Work; Acknowledgements; REFERENCES; 4: Physical Processes in Tropical Cyclone Models; 1. An Overview of Physical Processes Required to be Included in TC Models; 1.1 Importance of Cloud Parameterization in TC Models; 1.2 Cloud Microphysics Parameterization
8. Future Observing Technologies9. Conclusions; Acknowledgements; REFERENCES; 2: Use of Satellite Observations in Tropical Cyclone Studies; 1. Overview; 2. Visible/Infrared Sensors; 3. Microwave Sensors; 3.1 Passive Microwave Sensors; 3.2 Active Microwave Sensors; 3.3 Microwave Sounders; 4. Some Interesting Applications of Satellite Data in Tropical Cyclone Research; 4.1a Prediction of Tropical Cyclogenesis Based on Infrared Images; 4.1b Prediction of Tropical Cyclogenesis Using Scatterometer Observations; 4.2 Initialization of Cyclonic Vortex in NWP Models
4.3 Assimilation of Satellite Observations of Atmospheric Ozone in NWP ModelsREFERENCES; Part 2: Advances in Numerical Weather Predictions for Tropical Cyclones; 3: Overview of the NOAA/NCEP Operational Hurricane Weather Research and Forecast (HWRF) Modelling System; 1. Introduction; 2. Atmospheric Model Components of HWRF; 2.1 Dynamic Core and Model Equations; 2.2 Moving Nest Algorithm; 2.3 Terrain Treatment and Topography; 2.4 Fine Grid Initialization and Mass Balancing; 2.5 Lateral Boundary Conditions; 2.6 Nest-to-Parent Feedback; 3. HWRF Vortex Initialization and Relocation
3.1 HWRF Cycling System3.2 Bogus Vortex Used to Correct Weak Storms; 3.3 Improvement of Vortex Representation: Storm Size Correction; 3.4 Improvement of Vortex Representation: Storm Intensity Correction; 4. HWRF Data Assimilation System (HDAS); 4.1 Hybrid EnKF-3DVAR Algorithm; 5. Physics in the HWRF Model; 5.1 Surface Layer Physics Parameterization; 5.2 Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) Parameterization; 5.3 Land Surface Model: The GFDL Slab Model; 5.4 Radiation Parameterization: GFDL Radiation Scheme; 5.5 Cumulus Parameterization: The Simplified Arakawa-Schubert (SAS) Scheme
5.6 Microphysics Parameterization: The Ferrier Microphysics Scheme6. Performance of the Operational HWRF; 6.1 HWRF Model Performance for the North Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Basins; 6.2 HWRF Model Performance for the North Western Pacific Basin; 6.3 HWRF Model Performance for the North Indian Ocean Basin; 7. Summary and Future Work; Acknowledgements; REFERENCES; 4: Physical Processes in Tropical Cyclone Models; 1. An Overview of Physical Processes Required to be Included in TC Models; 1.1 Importance of Cloud Parameterization in TC Models; 1.2 Cloud Microphysics Parameterization