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Foreword; Preface to the Second Edition; Preface to the First Edition; Contents; About the Author; 1 Introduction; Abstract; 1.1 Trauma: A Worldwide Epidemic; 1.2 Physical Trauma; 1.3 Responses to Physical Trauma; 1.3.1 The Historical Timeline of Systematic Trauma Management; 1.4 Toxic Trauma; 1.5 The Epidemiology of Toxic Trauma; 1.6 The Clinical Importance of Toxic Trauma; 1.7 Approaches to Trauma Management; 1.8 Conclusion; Further Reading; 2 Toxic Trauma: A Historical Perspective; Abstract; 2.1 Exposure to Chemicals From Early Times to the Nineteenth Century.
2.2 The Industrial Revolution and the Development of Mass Chemical Warfare2.3 First Suggested Uses of Chemical Weapons in the Nineteenth Century; 2.4 The First World War; 2.5 Between the World Wars; 2.5.1 The 1930s: First Systematic Use of Chemical Warfare Agents Against Civil Populations; 2.6 The Second World War; 2.6.1 The Secret Development of Nerve Agents; 2.7 The Cold War Period; 2.8 Continued Military Use of Chemical Warfare Agents; 2.9 Mass Accidental Release of Toxic Industrial Chemicals; 2.10 Conclusions; Further Reading; 3 The Classification and Properties of Toxic Hazards; Abstract.
3.1 Introduction3.2 Toxic Hazards: Definitions; 3.3 Acute and Chronic Toxic Hazards; 3.4 The Classification of Toxic Hazards; 3.4.1 Toxic Industrial Chemicals; 3.4.2 Military Toxic Hazards: Agents of Chemical Warfare; 3.5 Classification of Toxic Hazards According to Their Effects on Body Systems; 3.5.1 Central Nervous System; 3.5.2 Peripheral Nervous System; 3.5.3 Respiratory System; 3.5.3.1 Asphyxiants; 3.5.4 Heart and Central Vascular System; 3.5.5 Alimentary System; 3.5.6 Skin and Epithelial System; 3.5.6.1 Irritant Agents; 3.6 Properties of Toxic Chemical Agents.
3.6.1 Physical Properties of Toxic Chemical Agents3.6.2 Persistency; 3.6.3 Toxicity; 3.6.3.1 The Development of Toxicology; 3.6.3.2 Measuring Toxicity; 3.6.3.3 Expressing Toxicity; 3.6.3.4 Concentration x Time: The Haber Coefficient; 3.6.3.5 Factors Affecting Toxicity; 3.6.4 Latency; 3.6.4.1 Short Latency; 3.6.4.2 Long Latency; 3.7 Conclusions; Further Reading; 4 Exposure to Toxic Hazards; Abstract; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Acute and Chronic Exposures; 4.3 Routes of Exposure to Toxic Agents; 4.3.1 Inhalation; 4.3.2 Skin and Mucous Membranes; 4.3.3 Ingestion; 4.3.4 Injection; 4.3.5 Envenomation.
4.4 Detection of Accidental and Deliberate Exposure to Toxic Chemical Agents4.4.1 Military; 4.4.2 Civil; 4.4.3 Identification of a Toxic Release by Medical Responders; 4.5 Mitigation of Exposure to Toxic Agents; 4.6 Personal Protective Equipment; 4.7 Decontamination; 4.7.1 Decontamination Basics; 4.7.1.1 Decontamination Techniques; 4.7.2 Secondary Contamination; 4.7.2.1 Factors Affecting Secondary Contamination; 4.8 Conclusions; Further Reading; 5 Responding to Chemical Releases: Essentials of Organisation and Incident Management; Abstract; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Definitions; 5.3 Identifying a Chemical Incident.
2.2 The Industrial Revolution and the Development of Mass Chemical Warfare2.3 First Suggested Uses of Chemical Weapons in the Nineteenth Century; 2.4 The First World War; 2.5 Between the World Wars; 2.5.1 The 1930s: First Systematic Use of Chemical Warfare Agents Against Civil Populations; 2.6 The Second World War; 2.6.1 The Secret Development of Nerve Agents; 2.7 The Cold War Period; 2.8 Continued Military Use of Chemical Warfare Agents; 2.9 Mass Accidental Release of Toxic Industrial Chemicals; 2.10 Conclusions; Further Reading; 3 The Classification and Properties of Toxic Hazards; Abstract.
3.1 Introduction3.2 Toxic Hazards: Definitions; 3.3 Acute and Chronic Toxic Hazards; 3.4 The Classification of Toxic Hazards; 3.4.1 Toxic Industrial Chemicals; 3.4.2 Military Toxic Hazards: Agents of Chemical Warfare; 3.5 Classification of Toxic Hazards According to Their Effects on Body Systems; 3.5.1 Central Nervous System; 3.5.2 Peripheral Nervous System; 3.5.3 Respiratory System; 3.5.3.1 Asphyxiants; 3.5.4 Heart and Central Vascular System; 3.5.5 Alimentary System; 3.5.6 Skin and Epithelial System; 3.5.6.1 Irritant Agents; 3.6 Properties of Toxic Chemical Agents.
3.6.1 Physical Properties of Toxic Chemical Agents3.6.2 Persistency; 3.6.3 Toxicity; 3.6.3.1 The Development of Toxicology; 3.6.3.2 Measuring Toxicity; 3.6.3.3 Expressing Toxicity; 3.6.3.4 Concentration x Time: The Haber Coefficient; 3.6.3.5 Factors Affecting Toxicity; 3.6.4 Latency; 3.6.4.1 Short Latency; 3.6.4.2 Long Latency; 3.7 Conclusions; Further Reading; 4 Exposure to Toxic Hazards; Abstract; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Acute and Chronic Exposures; 4.3 Routes of Exposure to Toxic Agents; 4.3.1 Inhalation; 4.3.2 Skin and Mucous Membranes; 4.3.3 Ingestion; 4.3.4 Injection; 4.3.5 Envenomation.
4.4 Detection of Accidental and Deliberate Exposure to Toxic Chemical Agents4.4.1 Military; 4.4.2 Civil; 4.4.3 Identification of a Toxic Release by Medical Responders; 4.5 Mitigation of Exposure to Toxic Agents; 4.6 Personal Protective Equipment; 4.7 Decontamination; 4.7.1 Decontamination Basics; 4.7.1.1 Decontamination Techniques; 4.7.2 Secondary Contamination; 4.7.2.1 Factors Affecting Secondary Contamination; 4.8 Conclusions; Further Reading; 5 Responding to Chemical Releases: Essentials of Organisation and Incident Management; Abstract; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Definitions; 5.3 Identifying a Chemical Incident.