Figures; Tables; 1 Life-cycle Cost Approach: Rationale and Relevance; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 What Is LCCA and Why?; 1.2.1 Background; 1.3 Life-cycle Cost Approach: Rationale and Relevance; 1.3.1 LCCA: Beyond Project Appraisal; 1.3.2 Asset Management and Sustainable Services; 1.3.3 LCCA and the Nexus; 1.3.4 Adoption of LCCA: Scale and Intensity; Keywords and Definitions; References; 2 Life-cycle Cost Approach (LCCA): Framework and Concepts; 2.1 Framework; 2.2 Cost Components; 2.3 Discount Rates, Annualisation and Functional Unit; 2.4 Components of Life-cycle Cost Model.

2.5 Risk-Based Life-cycle Cost Analysis and Simulations2.6 Methods and Tools of Environmental Impact Assessment; 2.6.1 Indirect Methods; 2.6.2 Direct Methods; Keywords and Definitions; References; 3 LCCA Applications in Infrastructure and Other Projects: Some Case Studies; 3.1 LCCA Application in Real World; 3.1.1 Data Requirements and Limitations; 3.1.2 Profile of the Projects; 3.2 Case Studies; 3.2.1 Infrastructure Projects (Construction, Roads, etc.); 3.2.1.1 Approach; 3.2.1.2 Results; 3.2.1.3 Cost Components; 3.2.1.4 Analysis; 3.2.1.5 Results and Discussion.

3.2.2 Natural Resource-Based Projects (Drinking Water and Sanitation (WASH), Crop Systems, Bioethanol, etc.)3.2.2.1 System Boundaries; 3.2.2.2 Approach; 3.2.2.3 Results and Interpretation; 3.2.2.4 Materials and Methods; 3.2.2.5 Results and Discussion; 3.2.2.6 Approach; 3.2.2.7 Results and Discussion; 3.2.2.8 Approach; 3.2.2.9 Results and Discussion; 3.2.2.10 Recurrent Costs (CapManEx, OpEx, ExIDS, ExDS); 3.2.2.11 Unit Cost Versus Service Provided Per Technology; 3.2.2.12 Cost Per Unit of Water; 3.3 Good Practices of LCCA; 3.4 Constraints and Challenges in the Application of LCCA.

3.5 ConclusionsKeywords and Definitions; References.