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Foreword; Acknowledgements; Contents; Abbreviations and Definitions; List of Figures; List of Tables; I Executive Summary; 1.1 Source of Coal; 1.2 Use of Coal; 1.3 Regional Analysis of Global Steam Coal Demand and Supply; 1.4 Freight and Logistics; 1.5 The Global Perspective: Trade Flows, Derivatives and Market Abuse, Market Participants, Price Drivers and Investment Sentiment; 1.6 Environment-CO2 and Coal, Geopolitics and Policy; 1.7 Conclusions, Implications and the Future of Coal; II Introduction; 2.1 Prelude; 2.2 Book Structure and Market Definition; 2.2.1 Book Structure.
2.2.2 Market DefinitionIII Source of Coal; 3.1 The Fundamentals of Energy Sources and Fossil Fuels; 3.2 Coal Formation; 3.3 Classification of Coal; 3.4 Key Characteristics of Steam Coal; 3.4.1 Calorific Value; 3.4.1.1 Analyzing for Calorific Value; 3.4.2 Ballast: Moisture and Ash and Ranking of Coal; 3.4.2.1 Moisture; 3.4.2.2 Mineral Matter Free Basis; 3.4.2.3 Ash; 3.4.2.4 Ash Fusion Temperatures (AFT), Fouling and Slagging Index; 3.4.2.5 Ash Analysis; 3.4.3 Volatile Matter; 3.4.4 Fixed Carbon; 3.4.5 Sulphur; 3.4.6 Size, Grindability, Nitrogen, Chlorine and Fluorine.
3.5 Key Characteristics of Coking Coal3.6 Coal Sampling and Analysis; 3.6.1 Sampling; 3.6.1.1 Sampling; 3.6.1.2 Manual Sampling; 3.6.1.3 Mechanical Sampling; 3.6.2 Sample Preparation; 3.6.3 Coal Analysis and Reproducibility; 3.6.3.1 Reproducibility; 3.7 Analysis of World Coal Production, Reserves and Resources; 3.8 Mining Cost Analysis; 3.8.1 Optimal Use of Resources; 3.8.2 Coal Mining Methods: Surface and Underground Mining; 3.8.2.1 Surface Mining; 3.8.2.2 Underground Mining; 3.8.3 Investments in Coal Mining; 3.8.4 Coal Mining Operating Costs.
3.8.5 Environmental and Safety Issues Associated with Coal Production3.8.5.1 Emissions from Equipment; 3.8.5.2 Land Disturbance and Mine Subsidence; 3.8.5.3 Water, Dust, and Noise Pollution; 3.8.5.4 Methane Emissions; 3.8.5.5 Safety in Coal Production; 3.9 Coal Upgrading-Washing and Drying; 3.9.1 Coal Washing; 3.9.2 Coal Drying; IV Use of Coal; 4.1 Introduction to Coal and Energy; 4.2 Steel, Cement, and Other Industrial Markets; 4.2.1 Steel, Coking Coal, Coke, and Iron Ore; 4.2.2 Cement and Coal; 4.2.3 A Discourse on Petroleum Coke; 4.3 Introduction to Power Markets.
4.4 Coal-Fired Power Plant Technologies and Energy Efficiency4.4.1 Coal Preparation; 4.4.2 Coal Burning; 4.4.3 Electricity Generation; 4.5 Coal Burn Today Is Worse for the Environment Than a Decade Ago; 4.6 The Future of Power Plant Technology: Increased Efficiency, Reduced CO2; 4.6.1 Efficiency and Boiler Types; 4.6.2 Capturing CO2: CCS and CCP; 4.6.3 Investments in Power Plants; 4.7 Alternative Use of Coal: CtL, CtG, CBM, and UCG; 4.7.1 Coal-to-Liquid and Coal-to-Gas; 4.7.2 Coalbed Methane and Underground Gasification; 4.7.3 Environmental Impact of CtL and CtG.
2.2.2 Market DefinitionIII Source of Coal; 3.1 The Fundamentals of Energy Sources and Fossil Fuels; 3.2 Coal Formation; 3.3 Classification of Coal; 3.4 Key Characteristics of Steam Coal; 3.4.1 Calorific Value; 3.4.1.1 Analyzing for Calorific Value; 3.4.2 Ballast: Moisture and Ash and Ranking of Coal; 3.4.2.1 Moisture; 3.4.2.2 Mineral Matter Free Basis; 3.4.2.3 Ash; 3.4.2.4 Ash Fusion Temperatures (AFT), Fouling and Slagging Index; 3.4.2.5 Ash Analysis; 3.4.3 Volatile Matter; 3.4.4 Fixed Carbon; 3.4.5 Sulphur; 3.4.6 Size, Grindability, Nitrogen, Chlorine and Fluorine.
3.5 Key Characteristics of Coking Coal3.6 Coal Sampling and Analysis; 3.6.1 Sampling; 3.6.1.1 Sampling; 3.6.1.2 Manual Sampling; 3.6.1.3 Mechanical Sampling; 3.6.2 Sample Preparation; 3.6.3 Coal Analysis and Reproducibility; 3.6.3.1 Reproducibility; 3.7 Analysis of World Coal Production, Reserves and Resources; 3.8 Mining Cost Analysis; 3.8.1 Optimal Use of Resources; 3.8.2 Coal Mining Methods: Surface and Underground Mining; 3.8.2.1 Surface Mining; 3.8.2.2 Underground Mining; 3.8.3 Investments in Coal Mining; 3.8.4 Coal Mining Operating Costs.
3.8.5 Environmental and Safety Issues Associated with Coal Production3.8.5.1 Emissions from Equipment; 3.8.5.2 Land Disturbance and Mine Subsidence; 3.8.5.3 Water, Dust, and Noise Pollution; 3.8.5.4 Methane Emissions; 3.8.5.5 Safety in Coal Production; 3.9 Coal Upgrading-Washing and Drying; 3.9.1 Coal Washing; 3.9.2 Coal Drying; IV Use of Coal; 4.1 Introduction to Coal and Energy; 4.2 Steel, Cement, and Other Industrial Markets; 4.2.1 Steel, Coking Coal, Coke, and Iron Ore; 4.2.2 Cement and Coal; 4.2.3 A Discourse on Petroleum Coke; 4.3 Introduction to Power Markets.
4.4 Coal-Fired Power Plant Technologies and Energy Efficiency4.4.1 Coal Preparation; 4.4.2 Coal Burning; 4.4.3 Electricity Generation; 4.5 Coal Burn Today Is Worse for the Environment Than a Decade Ago; 4.6 The Future of Power Plant Technology: Increased Efficiency, Reduced CO2; 4.6.1 Efficiency and Boiler Types; 4.6.2 Capturing CO2: CCS and CCP; 4.6.3 Investments in Power Plants; 4.7 Alternative Use of Coal: CtL, CtG, CBM, and UCG; 4.7.1 Coal-to-Liquid and Coal-to-Gas; 4.7.2 Coalbed Methane and Underground Gasification; 4.7.3 Environmental Impact of CtL and CtG.