1 Ecological and Sustainable Natural Dyes; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Natural Dyes; 3 History of Natural Dyes; 4 The Classification of Natural Dyes; 4.1 Animal-Based Natural Dyes; 4.2 Plant-Based Natural Dyes; 4.3 Mineral-Based Natural Dyes; 4.4 Microbial-Based and Fungal-Based Natural Dyes; 5 The Chemical Structure of Natural Dyes; 5.1 Indigoid Dyes; 5.2 Quinone Dyes; 5.3 Flavonoid Dyes; 5.4 Carotenoid Dyes; 6 Natural Dyeing Methods; 7 Extraction Methods of Natural Dyes; 7.1 Aqueous Extraction; 7.2 Acid and Alkaline Extraction; 7.3 Ultrasonic and Microwave Extraction

7.4 Fermentation7.5 Enzymatic Extraction; 7.6 Solvent Extraction; 7.7 Supercritical Fluid Extraction; 8 Mordanting; 8.1 Metal Mordants; 8.2 Mordanting Tannin and Tannic Acid and Oils; 9 Innovative Dyeing Methods; 9.1 Plasma Technology; 9.2 Ultrasound Method; 9.3 Microwave Energy Technology; 10 Toxicological, Dermatologic, and Antimicrobial Effects of Natural Dyes; 11 Advantages of Natural Dyes; 12 Disadvantages of Natural Dyes; 13 Future of Natural Dyeing; References; 2 Challenges in Sustainable Wet Processing of Textiles; Abstract; 1 Introduction

2 Textile Wet Processing Practices and Sustainability Issues2.1 Preparatory Processing; 2.2 Dyeing and Printing; 2.3 Textile Finishing Operations; 3 Environmental Impact of Textile Wet Processing; 3.1 Impact on Water Resources; 3.2 Energy Consumption and Carbon Footprints; 3.3 Use of Toxic and Non-biodegradable Products; 4 Technological Developments in Source Reduction for Mitigating Environmental Impact; 4.1 Use of Biomaterials and Renewable Energy; 4.2 Process Improvement and Optimization; 4.3 Developments in Textile Chemicals, Dyes and Auxiliaries; 4.4 Development in Textile Machineries

5 Developments in Recycling and Reuse of Process Inputs5.1 Recovery and Reuse of Process Chemicals; 5.2 Water Recovery and Reuse; 6 Use of Waterless Technologies for Pollution-Free Textile Processing; 6.1 Supercritical Fluid Technology; 6.2 Plasma Technology; 7 Role of Eco-standards and Environmental Regulations in Promoting Sustainability; 8 Social and Economic Issues; 9 Future Outlook and Conclusion; References; 3 Anthraquinone-based Natural Colourants from Insects; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Classification of Natural Dyes; 2.1 Classification on the Basis of Sources

2.2 Classification on the Basis of Method of Application2.3 Classification on the Basis of Chemical Structure; 3 Anthraquinones; 3.1 Rheum emodi; 3.2 Rubia tinctorum (Madder); 4 Insect Dyes Belonging to Anthraquinone Group; 4.1 Cochineal; 4.2 Kermes; 4.3 Lac Dye; 5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives; References; 4 Sustainable Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles Using Natural Ingredients and Water-Free Technologies; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Sustainable Flame Retardant Finishing of Textile; 2.1 Fibre and Flame; 2.2 Traditional Flame Retardant Finishing of Textile