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Tribute; Preface; In Memoriam; Contents; Contributors; 1 History of Eastern Pacific Coral Reef Research; Abstract; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Coral Formations: Reefs Versus Coral Communities; 1.3 Earliest Observations; 1.4 Early Twentieth Century Expeditions; 1.5 Recent Advances (1970s to Present); 1.5.1 Mexico; 1.5.2 Clipperton Island (France); 1.5.3 Guatemala, Honduras; 1.5.4 El Salvador, Nicaragua; 1.5.5 Costa Rica; 1.5.6 Panama; 1.5.7 Colombia; 1.5.8 Ecuador; 1.5.9 Easter Island (Rapa Nui), Chile; 1.6 Enigmatic Species; 1.7 Future Directions; 1.7.1 Eastern Pacific Environmental Conditions
1.7.2 Conservation and Management InitiativesAcknowledgments; References; 2 Revisiting the Cenozoic History and the Origin of the Eastern Pacific Coral Fauna; Abstract; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Large-Scale Temporal Patterns of the Eastern Pacific Coral Fauna; 2.3 Late Miocene to Modern Times: Shaping the Recent Eastern Pacific Coral Communities and Reefs; 2.4 The Modern Eastern Pacific Coral Fauna: A Tale of Dispersal and Vicariance; 2.5 Summary and Future Research Agendas of Fossil Coral Fauna; References; 3 Oceanographic Conditions of the Eastern Tropical Pacific; Abstract; 3.1 Introduction
3.2 Atmospheric Forcing3.3 Water Mass Characteristics; 3.4 Upper Ocean Hydrographic Structure; 3.5 Upper Ocean Circulation; 3.5.1 Equatorial Currents; 3.5.2 Circulation Near the American Coast; 3.6 Primary Productivity; 3.7 Oxygen Minimum Layer; 3.8 Impacts of Climate Change; 3.9 Carbonate Chemistry and Ocean Acidification; 3.10 Summary; References; 4 El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO): A Review; Abstract; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 ENSO Observations; 4.3 ENSO Mechanisms; 4.3.1 Self-Sustained Oscillators of ENSO; 4.3.1.1 The Delayed Oscillator; 4.3.1.2 The Recharge Oscillator
4.3.1.3 The Western Pacific Oscillator4.3.1.4 The Advective-Reflective Oscillator; 4.3.1.5 The Unified Oscillator; 4.3.2 A Stable Mode Triggered by Stochastic Forcing; 4.4 Different Flavors of ENSO Events; 4.4.1 Spatial Structure and Evolution of the Central-Pacific El Niño; 4.4.2 Dynamics of the Central-Pacific El Niño; 4.4.3 Distinct Climate Impacts of the Central-Pacific ENSO; 4.5 Pacific Decadal Variability; 4.5.1 Geographical and Temporal Characteristics of PDV; 4.5.2 Mechanisms of PDV; 4.6 ENSO Under Global Warming; 4.6.1 Climate Response of the Equatorial Pacific to Global Warming
4.6.2 Sensitivity of ENSO to Global Warming4.7 Summary; Acknowledgments; References; 5 Eastern Pacific Coral Reef Provinces, Coral Community Structure and Composition: An Overview; Abstract; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Eastern Pacific Coral Reef Region; 5.2.1 Zooxanthellate Scleractinian Fauna; 5.2.2 Millepora; 5.3 Intra-regional Précis; 5.3.1 Gulf of California (Mexico); 5.3.2 Tropical Mainland Mexico; 5.3.3 Revillagigedo Islands (Mexico); 5.3.4 Clipperton Atoll (France); 5.3.5 El Salvador; 5.3.6 Nicaragua; 5.3.7 Mainland Costa Rica; 5.3.8 Isla del Coco (Costa Rica); 5.3.9 Panama
1.7.2 Conservation and Management InitiativesAcknowledgments; References; 2 Revisiting the Cenozoic History and the Origin of the Eastern Pacific Coral Fauna; Abstract; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Large-Scale Temporal Patterns of the Eastern Pacific Coral Fauna; 2.3 Late Miocene to Modern Times: Shaping the Recent Eastern Pacific Coral Communities and Reefs; 2.4 The Modern Eastern Pacific Coral Fauna: A Tale of Dispersal and Vicariance; 2.5 Summary and Future Research Agendas of Fossil Coral Fauna; References; 3 Oceanographic Conditions of the Eastern Tropical Pacific; Abstract; 3.1 Introduction
3.2 Atmospheric Forcing3.3 Water Mass Characteristics; 3.4 Upper Ocean Hydrographic Structure; 3.5 Upper Ocean Circulation; 3.5.1 Equatorial Currents; 3.5.2 Circulation Near the American Coast; 3.6 Primary Productivity; 3.7 Oxygen Minimum Layer; 3.8 Impacts of Climate Change; 3.9 Carbonate Chemistry and Ocean Acidification; 3.10 Summary; References; 4 El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO): A Review; Abstract; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 ENSO Observations; 4.3 ENSO Mechanisms; 4.3.1 Self-Sustained Oscillators of ENSO; 4.3.1.1 The Delayed Oscillator; 4.3.1.2 The Recharge Oscillator
4.3.1.3 The Western Pacific Oscillator4.3.1.4 The Advective-Reflective Oscillator; 4.3.1.5 The Unified Oscillator; 4.3.2 A Stable Mode Triggered by Stochastic Forcing; 4.4 Different Flavors of ENSO Events; 4.4.1 Spatial Structure and Evolution of the Central-Pacific El Niño; 4.4.2 Dynamics of the Central-Pacific El Niño; 4.4.3 Distinct Climate Impacts of the Central-Pacific ENSO; 4.5 Pacific Decadal Variability; 4.5.1 Geographical and Temporal Characteristics of PDV; 4.5.2 Mechanisms of PDV; 4.6 ENSO Under Global Warming; 4.6.1 Climate Response of the Equatorial Pacific to Global Warming
4.6.2 Sensitivity of ENSO to Global Warming4.7 Summary; Acknowledgments; References; 5 Eastern Pacific Coral Reef Provinces, Coral Community Structure and Composition: An Overview; Abstract; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Eastern Pacific Coral Reef Region; 5.2.1 Zooxanthellate Scleractinian Fauna; 5.2.2 Millepora; 5.3 Intra-regional Précis; 5.3.1 Gulf of California (Mexico); 5.3.2 Tropical Mainland Mexico; 5.3.3 Revillagigedo Islands (Mexico); 5.3.4 Clipperton Atoll (France); 5.3.5 El Salvador; 5.3.6 Nicaragua; 5.3.7 Mainland Costa Rica; 5.3.8 Isla del Coco (Costa Rica); 5.3.9 Panama