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Table of Contents
Preface to the Second Edition; Preface to the First Edition; Contents; 1 Representing and Measuring the Environment; Abstract; 1.1 Elevations, Plan and Sections; 1.2 Protohistoric Drafting Machine for the Clay Tablets Engraving; 1.3 Examples of Planimetries from the IV Millennium B.C. to the 1st Century A.D.; 1.3.1 Plan of Egyptian Fortress, IV Millennium B.C; 1.3.2 Plan View, Front View and Sections: Inventions Over the Time; 1.3.3 Planimetries on Sumerian Tablets of the III Millennium B.C.; 1.3.4 Plan of a Sumerian Retaining Wall, on Stone, 2150 B.C. Time.
1.3.5 Plan for the Mausoleum of a Rural Roman Home, I c. A.D.1.3.6 Anthropometric and Mathematical Units of Measurement; 1.4 Ancient Units; 1.4.1 Ancient Greek Units; 1.4.2 Ancient Roman Units; 2 Measuring Mass; Abstract; 2.1 The Balance Scale; 2.2 The Steelyard Balance; 3 Measuring Distance and Slope; Abstract; 3.1 Jacob's Staff; 3.2 Range Finders; 3.2.1 Groma; 3.2.2 Surveyor's Cross; 3.2.3 Chorobate; 3.3 The Astrolabe; 3.4 The Dioptre by Heron; 3.5 The Ancient Odometers; 3.5.1 The Odometer by Vitruvius; 3.5.2 The Odometer by Heron; 4 Measuring Time; Abstract; 4.1 The Sundial.
4.1.1 Fixed Sundials4.1.1.1 Equatorial Sundials; 4.1.1.2 Horizontal Sundials; 4.1.1.3 Vertical Sundials; 4.1.1.4 Non Planar Sundials; 4.1.2 Portable Sundials; 4.2 Water Clocks; 4.2.1 Early Water Clocks; 4.2.2 The Water Clock by Ctesibius; 5 Orientation; Abstract; 5.1 The Sundial Compass; 5.2 The Chinese South-Pointing Chariot; 5.3 The Windrose and the Magnetic Compass; 6 Ancient Computation Devices; Abstract; 6.1 The Abacus; 6.2 The Mesolabio; 6.2.1 The Mesolabio of Eratosthenes; 6.2.2 The Solution by Hippocrates and the Mesolabio by Dürer; 6.3 The Mechanism of Antikitera.
6.3.1 The History of the Finding6.3.2 Description of the Mechanism; 6.3.3 Technological Aspects; 6.3.4 Planetariums in Ancient Literature; 7 The Natural Energy Used in Antiquity; Abstract; 7.1 Energy from Man; 7.2 Energy from Animals; 7.2.1 Two or More Animals Together; 7.3 The Capstan; 7.4 The Treadwheel; 7.5 Rough Evaluation of the Power from a Wind Motor; 7.6 Rough Evaluation of the Power from a Waterwheel; 7.6.1 Undershot Waterwheel; 7.6.2 Overshot Waterwheel; 7.6.3 Breast Waterwheel; 7.6.4 Power from a Waterwheel; 8 Wind Motors; Abstract; 8.1 The Wind Mills; 8.1.1 The Afghan Mill.
8.1.2 The Cretan Mill8.2 Wings on the Sea: The Sails; 8.2.1 Evolution of the Sail Rig; 8.2.2 The Chinese Junk; 8.2.3 The Flettner Rotor; 9 Hydraulic Motors; Abstract; 9.1 Water Wheels with Vertical Axis; 9.1.1 The Greek Mill; 9.1.2 Vertical Axis Rotor with Oblique Blades; 9.2 Water Wheels with Horizontal Axis; 9.2.1 Undershot Water Wheels-The Wheel of Venafro; 9.2.2 Overshot Water Wheels; 9.3 The Floating Mill; 9.4 Water Wheels in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance; 10 Refrigeration and Heating; Abstract; 10.1 Air Cooling with Wind Towers; 10.2 The Production of Ice; 10.3 Nero's Sherbert.
1.3.5 Plan for the Mausoleum of a Rural Roman Home, I c. A.D.1.3.6 Anthropometric and Mathematical Units of Measurement; 1.4 Ancient Units; 1.4.1 Ancient Greek Units; 1.4.2 Ancient Roman Units; 2 Measuring Mass; Abstract; 2.1 The Balance Scale; 2.2 The Steelyard Balance; 3 Measuring Distance and Slope; Abstract; 3.1 Jacob's Staff; 3.2 Range Finders; 3.2.1 Groma; 3.2.2 Surveyor's Cross; 3.2.3 Chorobate; 3.3 The Astrolabe; 3.4 The Dioptre by Heron; 3.5 The Ancient Odometers; 3.5.1 The Odometer by Vitruvius; 3.5.2 The Odometer by Heron; 4 Measuring Time; Abstract; 4.1 The Sundial.
4.1.1 Fixed Sundials4.1.1.1 Equatorial Sundials; 4.1.1.2 Horizontal Sundials; 4.1.1.3 Vertical Sundials; 4.1.1.4 Non Planar Sundials; 4.1.2 Portable Sundials; 4.2 Water Clocks; 4.2.1 Early Water Clocks; 4.2.2 The Water Clock by Ctesibius; 5 Orientation; Abstract; 5.1 The Sundial Compass; 5.2 The Chinese South-Pointing Chariot; 5.3 The Windrose and the Magnetic Compass; 6 Ancient Computation Devices; Abstract; 6.1 The Abacus; 6.2 The Mesolabio; 6.2.1 The Mesolabio of Eratosthenes; 6.2.2 The Solution by Hippocrates and the Mesolabio by Dürer; 6.3 The Mechanism of Antikitera.
6.3.1 The History of the Finding6.3.2 Description of the Mechanism; 6.3.3 Technological Aspects; 6.3.4 Planetariums in Ancient Literature; 7 The Natural Energy Used in Antiquity; Abstract; 7.1 Energy from Man; 7.2 Energy from Animals; 7.2.1 Two or More Animals Together; 7.3 The Capstan; 7.4 The Treadwheel; 7.5 Rough Evaluation of the Power from a Wind Motor; 7.6 Rough Evaluation of the Power from a Waterwheel; 7.6.1 Undershot Waterwheel; 7.6.2 Overshot Waterwheel; 7.6.3 Breast Waterwheel; 7.6.4 Power from a Waterwheel; 8 Wind Motors; Abstract; 8.1 The Wind Mills; 8.1.1 The Afghan Mill.
8.1.2 The Cretan Mill8.2 Wings on the Sea: The Sails; 8.2.1 Evolution of the Sail Rig; 8.2.2 The Chinese Junk; 8.2.3 The Flettner Rotor; 9 Hydraulic Motors; Abstract; 9.1 Water Wheels with Vertical Axis; 9.1.1 The Greek Mill; 9.1.2 Vertical Axis Rotor with Oblique Blades; 9.2 Water Wheels with Horizontal Axis; 9.2.1 Undershot Water Wheels-The Wheel of Venafro; 9.2.2 Overshot Water Wheels; 9.3 The Floating Mill; 9.4 Water Wheels in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance; 10 Refrigeration and Heating; Abstract; 10.1 Air Cooling with Wind Towers; 10.2 The Production of Ice; 10.3 Nero's Sherbert.