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Preface; Reviewers; Contents; Positioning; 1 Wi-Fi Fingerprinting with Reduced Signal Strength Observations from Long-Time Measurements; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Wi-Fi Positioning Principle; 2.1 Challenges of Wi-Fi Positioning; 2.2 Wi-Fi Location Fingerprinting; 2.2.1 Training Phase; 2.2.2 Positioning Phase; 2.2.3 Nearest Neighbour Algorithm; 2.2.4 K-Nearest Neighbour Algorithm; 2.3 Performance of Wi-Fi Fingerprinting; 3 Fingerprinting with Reduced RSS Observations; 3.1 Interpolation Method; 3.1.1 Reference Measurements; 3.1.2 Training Phase; 3.1.3 Positioning Phase
3.2 Daily Average Improvement Method4 Indoor Experiments; 4.1 Long-Time Measurements; 4.2 Evaluation; 4.3 Resulting Radio Maps of RSS Distribution; 4.4 Positioning Results; 4.5 Spatial Distribution of Positioning Results; 4.6 Positioning Results Per Measurement Run; 5 Discussion of Results and Concluding Remarks; References; 2 Situation Goodness Method for Weighted Centroid-Based Wi-Fi APs Localization; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Wi-Fi AP Localization Methods; 2.1 Weighted Centroid Method; 2.2 Interpolation Contours Centroid Method; 2.3 Other Methods from Literature
3 Situation Goodness Method4 Experiments; 4.1 Test Locations and Wi-Fi Samples Databases; 4.2 AP Localization Methods Evaluation; 4.3 Situation Goodness Method Evaluation; 5 Conclusion; Acknowledgments; References; 3 Smartphone Sensor-Based Orientation Determination for Indoor-Navigation; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Smartphone Sensors; 3 Orientation Filter; 3.1 System Equation; 3.2 Measurement Equation; 3.3 Statistical Test; 4 Results; 5 Conclusions; References; SubwayAPPS: Using Smartphone Barometers for Positioning in Underground Transportation Environments; 1 Introduction and Motivation
2 Related Work3 Sensing Air Pressure on Mobile Devices; 3.1 Air Pressure in Underground Public Transportation Systems; 4 Depth Structure of Underground Transportation Networks; 4.1 Technical Evaluation; 5 SubwayAPPS; 6 Implementation; 6.1 MetroNavigator+; 7 Evaluation; 7.1 Results; 8 Conclusion and Future Work; References; Outdoor and Indoor Navigation; 5 Effects of Visual Variables on the Perception of Distance in Off-Screen Landmarks: Size, Color Value, and Crispness; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Related Work; 2.1 Limit of Small Screen; 2.2 Related Approaches
3 Representing Distance in Landmark Symbols4 Evaluation; 5 Results; 6 Discussion; 7 Conclusion; References; 6 Investigation of Landmark-Based Pedestrian Navigation Processes with a Mobile Eye Tracking System; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Visual Perception and the Mental Representation of Landmarks; 3 Methods; 3.1 Study Area; 3.2 Materials; 3.3 Procedure; 3.4 Apparatus; 4 Results; 4.1 Results: Interview; 4.2 Results: Eye Tracking; 4.3 Results: Memory Test; 4.4 Statistical Relationship Between Fixations and Landmark Recall; 5 Discussion; 6 Conclusion and Outlook; References
3.2 Daily Average Improvement Method4 Indoor Experiments; 4.1 Long-Time Measurements; 4.2 Evaluation; 4.3 Resulting Radio Maps of RSS Distribution; 4.4 Positioning Results; 4.5 Spatial Distribution of Positioning Results; 4.6 Positioning Results Per Measurement Run; 5 Discussion of Results and Concluding Remarks; References; 2 Situation Goodness Method for Weighted Centroid-Based Wi-Fi APs Localization; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Wi-Fi AP Localization Methods; 2.1 Weighted Centroid Method; 2.2 Interpolation Contours Centroid Method; 2.3 Other Methods from Literature
3 Situation Goodness Method4 Experiments; 4.1 Test Locations and Wi-Fi Samples Databases; 4.2 AP Localization Methods Evaluation; 4.3 Situation Goodness Method Evaluation; 5 Conclusion; Acknowledgments; References; 3 Smartphone Sensor-Based Orientation Determination for Indoor-Navigation; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Smartphone Sensors; 3 Orientation Filter; 3.1 System Equation; 3.2 Measurement Equation; 3.3 Statistical Test; 4 Results; 5 Conclusions; References; SubwayAPPS: Using Smartphone Barometers for Positioning in Underground Transportation Environments; 1 Introduction and Motivation
2 Related Work3 Sensing Air Pressure on Mobile Devices; 3.1 Air Pressure in Underground Public Transportation Systems; 4 Depth Structure of Underground Transportation Networks; 4.1 Technical Evaluation; 5 SubwayAPPS; 6 Implementation; 6.1 MetroNavigator+; 7 Evaluation; 7.1 Results; 8 Conclusion and Future Work; References; Outdoor and Indoor Navigation; 5 Effects of Visual Variables on the Perception of Distance in Off-Screen Landmarks: Size, Color Value, and Crispness; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Related Work; 2.1 Limit of Small Screen; 2.2 Related Approaches
3 Representing Distance in Landmark Symbols4 Evaluation; 5 Results; 6 Discussion; 7 Conclusion; References; 6 Investigation of Landmark-Based Pedestrian Navigation Processes with a Mobile Eye Tracking System; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Visual Perception and the Mental Representation of Landmarks; 3 Methods; 3.1 Study Area; 3.2 Materials; 3.3 Procedure; 3.4 Apparatus; 4 Results; 4.1 Results: Interview; 4.2 Results: Eye Tracking; 4.3 Results: Memory Test; 4.4 Statistical Relationship Between Fixations and Landmark Recall; 5 Discussion; 6 Conclusion and Outlook; References