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Foreword; Preface; Acknowledgment; Contents; Abbreviations; 1 Renewable Energy Sources-Overview; 1.1 Development of RES in Europe; 1.2 Utilization of Different Sources of Electrical Energy in the Various Countries of the European Union; 1.3 The Proportion of Energy Obtained with the Use of RES in the Consumption of Various Sectors; 1.4 Wind Power Plants; 1.5 Photovoltaic Power Plants; 1.6 Conditions for Connecting RESs (Wind, Solar); 1.6.1 Voltage Increase; 1.6.2 Voltage Changes Due to Switching; 1.6.3 Connection of Plants with Inverters or Frequency Convertors
1.6.4 Special Requirements for the Plants with RESsReferences; 2 Systems and Equipment of Wind Power Plants; 2.1 Micro and Small Wind Power Plants; 2.1.1 Start of the Excited Generator; 2.1.2 Connecting of the Induction Generator to the Distribution External Grid; 2.1.3 Connecting the Non-excited Generator to the External Grid; 2.1.4 Instantaneous Disconnection of the Generator from the External Grid; 2.1.5 Connecting Capacitors to the Running Generator; 2.1.6 Load Changes; 2.1.7 The Effect of Terminal Voltage Changes During Cooperation with the External Grid
2.1.8 Induction Generator of the Wind Power Plant in the Autonomous Mode2.2 Medium Wind Power Plants; 2.2.1 Generators of Medium Wind Power Plants; 2.3 Large Wind Power Plants; 2.3.1 Control Systems for High-Capacity Wind Power Plants; 2.3.2 WPP Control System Cooperating with Frequency Converters; 2.3.3 Switching the Wind Power Plant in the External Grid; 2.3.4 Comparison of Different Systems of Wind Power Plants; 2.4 Reactive Power Regulation; 2.4.1 Selected Reverse Effects on the External Grid; 2.4.2 Influence of the WPP Operation on the Substation Supply Systems; References
3 Operating Characteristics of Photovoltaic Power Plants3.1 Development of PPP Components; 3.1.1 The First Generation; 3.1.2 The Second Generation; 3.1.3 The Third Generation; 3.2 Basic Operating Characteristics of PPPs; 3.2.1 PPP Power Curve; 3.2.2 Production, Utilization Ratio, Efficiency, and Power Flows; 3.3 PPP Operating States; 3.3.1 PQ Diagram; 3.4 Power Flow Variability and Its Impact on the System; 3.5 PPP Negative Effect on the Distribution System; 3.6 Prediction Methods for PPP Power Output Prediction
3.6.1 The General Principle for Predicting the Production of Electricity from PPPs3.6.2 The Source of Solar Radiation; 3.6.3 A Decrease in Radiation Energy Due to Passage Through the Atmosphere; 3.6.4 Losses Due to Conversion in the Photovoltaic Cell; 3.6.5 Methods for Predicting the Production of Electricity from PPPs; 3.6.6 Solar Databases; 3.6.7 The European Solar Radiation Atlas (ESRA); 3.6.8 HelioClim; 3.6.9 Satel-Light; 3.6.10 Nasa SSE; 3.6.11 SWERA; 3.6.12 SOLEMI; 3.6.13 METEONORM; 3.6.14 SolarGis; 3.7 Influence of Factors on Changes in the Predicted Power Output
1.6.4 Special Requirements for the Plants with RESsReferences; 2 Systems and Equipment of Wind Power Plants; 2.1 Micro and Small Wind Power Plants; 2.1.1 Start of the Excited Generator; 2.1.2 Connecting of the Induction Generator to the Distribution External Grid; 2.1.3 Connecting the Non-excited Generator to the External Grid; 2.1.4 Instantaneous Disconnection of the Generator from the External Grid; 2.1.5 Connecting Capacitors to the Running Generator; 2.1.6 Load Changes; 2.1.7 The Effect of Terminal Voltage Changes During Cooperation with the External Grid
2.1.8 Induction Generator of the Wind Power Plant in the Autonomous Mode2.2 Medium Wind Power Plants; 2.2.1 Generators of Medium Wind Power Plants; 2.3 Large Wind Power Plants; 2.3.1 Control Systems for High-Capacity Wind Power Plants; 2.3.2 WPP Control System Cooperating with Frequency Converters; 2.3.3 Switching the Wind Power Plant in the External Grid; 2.3.4 Comparison of Different Systems of Wind Power Plants; 2.4 Reactive Power Regulation; 2.4.1 Selected Reverse Effects on the External Grid; 2.4.2 Influence of the WPP Operation on the Substation Supply Systems; References
3 Operating Characteristics of Photovoltaic Power Plants3.1 Development of PPP Components; 3.1.1 The First Generation; 3.1.2 The Second Generation; 3.1.3 The Third Generation; 3.2 Basic Operating Characteristics of PPPs; 3.2.1 PPP Power Curve; 3.2.2 Production, Utilization Ratio, Efficiency, and Power Flows; 3.3 PPP Operating States; 3.3.1 PQ Diagram; 3.4 Power Flow Variability and Its Impact on the System; 3.5 PPP Negative Effect on the Distribution System; 3.6 Prediction Methods for PPP Power Output Prediction
3.6.1 The General Principle for Predicting the Production of Electricity from PPPs3.6.2 The Source of Solar Radiation; 3.6.3 A Decrease in Radiation Energy Due to Passage Through the Atmosphere; 3.6.4 Losses Due to Conversion in the Photovoltaic Cell; 3.6.5 Methods for Predicting the Production of Electricity from PPPs; 3.6.6 Solar Databases; 3.6.7 The European Solar Radiation Atlas (ESRA); 3.6.8 HelioClim; 3.6.9 Satel-Light; 3.6.10 Nasa SSE; 3.6.11 SWERA; 3.6.12 SOLEMI; 3.6.13 METEONORM; 3.6.14 SolarGis; 3.7 Influence of Factors on Changes in the Predicted Power Output