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Table of Contents
Preface; Contents; Part I Hydrological Aspects of Climate Change; 1 Climate Variability and Changes in Precipitation Extremes and Characteristics; 1.1 Climate Variability: Introduction and Background; 1.2 Coupled Oceanic-Atmospheric Oscillations; 1.3 Inter-year, Decadal, and Multidecadal Oscillations; 1.3.1 El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO); 1.3.2 Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO); 1.3.3 Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO); 1.3.4 North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO); 1.3.5 Other Major Oscillations; 1.4 Regional and Global Influences of Oscillations.
1.5 Evaluation of Changes in Precipitation Extremes and Characteristics1.5.1 Extreme Precipitation Indices; 1.5.2 Drought Characterization; 1.5.2.1 Standard Precipitation Index (SPI); 1.6 Precipitation Characteristics; 1.6.1 Inter-year and Intra-year Variations; 1.6.2 Storm Events Based on Inter-event Time Definition (IETD); 1.6.3 Wet and Dry Spells; 1.6.4 Transitions of Wet and Dry States; 1.6.5 Persistence; 1.6.6 Seasonality; 1.6.7 Changes to Extremes of Specific Duration and Frequency; 1.6.7.1 Changing Intensity-Duration-Frequency Relationships.
1.6.8 Variations in Temporal Occurrences of Extremes1.6.9 Temporal Distributions of In-Storm Precipitation; 1.6.10 Antecedent Moisture Conditions (AMC); 1.7 Evaluations of Precipitation Variability Influenced by Teleconnections; 1.7.1 Precipitation Data; 1.7.2 Homogeneity Analysis and Tests; 1.7.3 Point Precipitation Data; 1.7.4 Gridded Precipitation Data; 1.7.5 Trend Evaluation; 1.7.6 Biases Due to Missing and Filled Precipitation Data; 1.8 Statistical Tests; 1.8.1 Parametric and Nonparametric Tests; 1.8.2 Parametric Test: Two-Sample Unpaired T-Test.
1.8.3 Nonparametric Test: Mann-Whitney U-Test1.8.4 Bootstrap Sampling and Confidence Intervals; 1.9 Wavelet-Based Methods and Analysis; 1.10 Regional Hydroclimatology Influences; 1.11 Influences of Individual and Coupled Oscillations; 1.12 Influences of Oscillations on Precipitation: Spatial Extent; 1.13 Meteorologically Homogenous Areas; 1.14 Relating Indices and Precipitation Depths; 1.15 Forecasts Based on Oscillations; 1.16 Conclusions; References; 2 Hydrologic Extremes Under Climate Change: Non-stationarity and Uncertainty; 2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Extreme Value Theory for Hydrologic Frequency Analysis2.2.1 Extreme Value Models for Hydrologic Data; 2.2.2 Parameter Estimation and Uncertainty in Design Levels; 2.3 Non-stationarity in Hydrologic Extremes; 2.3.1 Non-stationary Extreme Value Models; 2.3.2 Computational Packages for Analysis of Hydrologic Extremes Under Non-stationarity; 2.3.3 Limitations of Non-stationary Models for Hydrologic Extremes; 2.4 Hydrologic Risk Communication Under Climate Change; 2.4.1 Fixed Probability of Exceedance-Based Approach; 2.4.2 Waiting Time-Based Approach; 2.4.3 Frequency-Based Approach.
1.5 Evaluation of Changes in Precipitation Extremes and Characteristics1.5.1 Extreme Precipitation Indices; 1.5.2 Drought Characterization; 1.5.2.1 Standard Precipitation Index (SPI); 1.6 Precipitation Characteristics; 1.6.1 Inter-year and Intra-year Variations; 1.6.2 Storm Events Based on Inter-event Time Definition (IETD); 1.6.3 Wet and Dry Spells; 1.6.4 Transitions of Wet and Dry States; 1.6.5 Persistence; 1.6.6 Seasonality; 1.6.7 Changes to Extremes of Specific Duration and Frequency; 1.6.7.1 Changing Intensity-Duration-Frequency Relationships.
1.6.8 Variations in Temporal Occurrences of Extremes1.6.9 Temporal Distributions of In-Storm Precipitation; 1.6.10 Antecedent Moisture Conditions (AMC); 1.7 Evaluations of Precipitation Variability Influenced by Teleconnections; 1.7.1 Precipitation Data; 1.7.2 Homogeneity Analysis and Tests; 1.7.3 Point Precipitation Data; 1.7.4 Gridded Precipitation Data; 1.7.5 Trend Evaluation; 1.7.6 Biases Due to Missing and Filled Precipitation Data; 1.8 Statistical Tests; 1.8.1 Parametric and Nonparametric Tests; 1.8.2 Parametric Test: Two-Sample Unpaired T-Test.
1.8.3 Nonparametric Test: Mann-Whitney U-Test1.8.4 Bootstrap Sampling and Confidence Intervals; 1.9 Wavelet-Based Methods and Analysis; 1.10 Regional Hydroclimatology Influences; 1.11 Influences of Individual and Coupled Oscillations; 1.12 Influences of Oscillations on Precipitation: Spatial Extent; 1.13 Meteorologically Homogenous Areas; 1.14 Relating Indices and Precipitation Depths; 1.15 Forecasts Based on Oscillations; 1.16 Conclusions; References; 2 Hydrologic Extremes Under Climate Change: Non-stationarity and Uncertainty; 2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Extreme Value Theory for Hydrologic Frequency Analysis2.2.1 Extreme Value Models for Hydrologic Data; 2.2.2 Parameter Estimation and Uncertainty in Design Levels; 2.3 Non-stationarity in Hydrologic Extremes; 2.3.1 Non-stationary Extreme Value Models; 2.3.2 Computational Packages for Analysis of Hydrologic Extremes Under Non-stationarity; 2.3.3 Limitations of Non-stationary Models for Hydrologic Extremes; 2.4 Hydrologic Risk Communication Under Climate Change; 2.4.1 Fixed Probability of Exceedance-Based Approach; 2.4.2 Waiting Time-Based Approach; 2.4.3 Frequency-Based Approach.