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Foreword; Preface I; Preface II; Acknowledgements; Contents; List of Figures; List of Tables; List of Boxes; Abbreviations; Abstract; Introduction; 1 Introduction; Abstract; 1.1 Climate Change and Conflicts; 1.2 Agro-pastoral Conflicts in Settings Impacted by Climate Change; 1.3 The Potential of Political Factors in Conflict Reduction; 1.4 Case Study of Farmer-Herder Conflicts in Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana: 1960-2000; 1.5 Next Steps; References; Theoretical Framework; 2 Climate Change and Farmer-Herder Conflicts in West Africa; Abstract.
2.1 Farmer-Herder Conflicts over Natural Resources2.1.1 Farmer-Herder Conflicts: Old News or Topical Issue?; 2.1.2 FulBe Pastoralistsßin Sub-Saharan Africa; 2.2 Climate Change in Africa; 2.2.1 Climate Change and Vulnerability in Africa ; 2.2.1.1 Introduction to Climate Change Issues in Africa; 2.2.1.2 Exposure; 2.2.1.3 Sensitivity ; 2.2.1.4 Adaptive Capacity ; 2.2.1.5 Vulnerability of the Study Area to Climate Change Impacts; 2.2.2 Potential Impacts of Projected Trends in Climate Change ; 2.2.2.1 Drought and Desertification; 2.2.2.2 Impacts on Socio-economic Systems in West Africa.
2.2.3 Climate Change: A Security Challenge for Vulnerable Societies in West Africa 2.3 Conflicts, Conflict Analysis and Conflict Reduction; 2.3.1 The Concept of ConflictFarmer-Herder Conflicts; 2.3.2 Conflict Reduction; 2.3.3 Agro-pastoral Conflicts and Milestones of Conflict Analysis; 2.3.3.1 The Object of Conflict: Common-Pool Resources; 2.3.3.2 From Conflict to Cooperation; 2.3.3.3 Additional Pressures; 2.3.3.4 Non-environmental Dimensions to Farmer-Herder Conflicts; 2.3.3.5 Other Milestones of Conflict Analysis ; 2.4 Summary; References.
3 Causal Linkages Between Environmental Change and ConflictAbstract; 3.1 Neo-Malthusian Conceptualization of Environmental Scarcity as a Source of Conflict; 3.1.1 Introduction to Malthusianism; 3.1.2 The Concept of Environmental Scarcity and Its Consequences; 3.1.3 The Role of Social and Technical Capital ; 3.1.4 Studies Supporting Neo-Malthusian Theory; 3.2 Critique of a Simplistic Causal Relationship and Introduction of a Nexus of Explanatory Factors; 3.2.1 Studies Refuting the Role of Scarcity in Armed Conflict; 3.2.2 The Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO); 3.2.3 Political Ecology.
3.2.4 The Environment and Conflicts Project (ENCOP)3.2.5 Distributionist Approach; 3.2.6 The CPR Management School or Environmental Peace Approach ; 3.3 Reintroducing Scarcity and Broadening the Environmental Change-Conflict Linkage; 3.3.1 A New Lens to Approach Scarcity; 3.3.2 Alternatives to Scarcity; 3.3.2.1 Climate Variability, Volatility and Unpredictability; 3.3.2.2 Effects of Climate Change on the Economy; 3.3.3 Persistent Controversies Over the Influence of Environmental Change on Conflict; 3.3.4 The Role of Non-environmental Factors.
2.1 Farmer-Herder Conflicts over Natural Resources2.1.1 Farmer-Herder Conflicts: Old News or Topical Issue?; 2.1.2 FulBe Pastoralistsßin Sub-Saharan Africa; 2.2 Climate Change in Africa; 2.2.1 Climate Change and Vulnerability in Africa ; 2.2.1.1 Introduction to Climate Change Issues in Africa; 2.2.1.2 Exposure; 2.2.1.3 Sensitivity ; 2.2.1.4 Adaptive Capacity ; 2.2.1.5 Vulnerability of the Study Area to Climate Change Impacts; 2.2.2 Potential Impacts of Projected Trends in Climate Change ; 2.2.2.1 Drought and Desertification; 2.2.2.2 Impacts on Socio-economic Systems in West Africa.
2.2.3 Climate Change: A Security Challenge for Vulnerable Societies in West Africa 2.3 Conflicts, Conflict Analysis and Conflict Reduction; 2.3.1 The Concept of ConflictFarmer-Herder Conflicts; 2.3.2 Conflict Reduction; 2.3.3 Agro-pastoral Conflicts and Milestones of Conflict Analysis; 2.3.3.1 The Object of Conflict: Common-Pool Resources; 2.3.3.2 From Conflict to Cooperation; 2.3.3.3 Additional Pressures; 2.3.3.4 Non-environmental Dimensions to Farmer-Herder Conflicts; 2.3.3.5 Other Milestones of Conflict Analysis ; 2.4 Summary; References.
3 Causal Linkages Between Environmental Change and ConflictAbstract; 3.1 Neo-Malthusian Conceptualization of Environmental Scarcity as a Source of Conflict; 3.1.1 Introduction to Malthusianism; 3.1.2 The Concept of Environmental Scarcity and Its Consequences; 3.1.3 The Role of Social and Technical Capital ; 3.1.4 Studies Supporting Neo-Malthusian Theory; 3.2 Critique of a Simplistic Causal Relationship and Introduction of a Nexus of Explanatory Factors; 3.2.1 Studies Refuting the Role of Scarcity in Armed Conflict; 3.2.2 The Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO); 3.2.3 Political Ecology.
3.2.4 The Environment and Conflicts Project (ENCOP)3.2.5 Distributionist Approach; 3.2.6 The CPR Management School or Environmental Peace Approach ; 3.3 Reintroducing Scarcity and Broadening the Environmental Change-Conflict Linkage; 3.3.1 A New Lens to Approach Scarcity; 3.3.2 Alternatives to Scarcity; 3.3.2.1 Climate Variability, Volatility and Unpredictability; 3.3.2.2 Effects of Climate Change on the Economy; 3.3.3 Persistent Controversies Over the Influence of Environmental Change on Conflict; 3.3.4 The Role of Non-environmental Factors.