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Table of Contents
Preface; Acknowledgements; Contents; Chapter 1: Polymers Against Microorganisms; 1.1 Infectious Diseases: Historical Context; 1.1.1 Mechanisms ofßResistance toßAntibacterial Agents; 1.2 Implant-Associated Infections; 1.3 The Use ofßMacromolecules asßAntimicrobials; 1.4 About This Book; References; Chapter 2: Bacterial Infections: Few Concepts; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Bacterial Structure; 2.3 Interactions Mechanisms ofßAntimicrobials withßBacteria inßSolution; 2.3.1 Bacterial Targets ofßAntibiotics; 2.3.2 Antibiotic Resistance Developed by Bacteria; 2.3.2.1 Mechanism 1: Pump Out theßAntibiotic.
2.3.2.2 Mechanism 2: Reduce theßPermeability ofßtheßCell Membrane2.3.2.3 Mechanism 3: Modification ofßtheßAntibiotic Structure; 2.3.2.4 Mechanism 4: Changing theßTarget Structure; 2.3.3 Macromolecular Antimicrobials; 2.4 Biomaterials Surface: Device-Associated Infections; 2.4.1 Adhesion, Adherence, andßAttachment; 2.4.2 Bacterial Adhesion toßBiomaterials Surfaces; 2.4.2.1 Phase One inßBacterial Adhesion; 2.4.2.2 Phase Two inßBacterial Adhesion; 2.4.3 Biofilm Formation; 2.4.4 Antibiotic Resistance ofßBacteria inßBiofilms.
2.4.5 Approaches Developed toßAchieve Polymeric Biomaterials withßAntibacterial Properties2.4.5.1 Bacteria Repelling andßAntiadhesive Surfaces; 2.4.5.2 Bioactive Materials withßIntrinsically Antibacterial Properties; 2.4.5.3 Materials Incorporating Bioactive Molecules Interfering withßtheßProduction ofßBacterial Biofilm; 2.5 Conclusions; References; Chapter 3: Chemical Approaches toßPrepare Antimicrobial Polymers; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Types ofßAntimicrobial Groups Incorporated inßPolymers; 3.2.1 Quaternary Ammonium/Phosphonium; 3.2.2 N-Halamine andßOther Halogen Containing Polymers.
3.2.3 Antimicrobial Peptides andßOther Polymers Mimicking Natural Peptides3.2.4 Other Antimicrobial Functional Groups; 3.3 Synthetic Strategies toßPrepare Antimicrobial Polymers; 3.4 Interactions BetweenßBacteria andßPolymeric Materials: Role ofßtheßMacromolecular Parameters onßtheßAntibacterial Activity; 3.4.1 Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Balance; 3.4.2 Molecular Weight; 3.4.3 Polymer Topology; 3.4.3.1 Homopolymers/Copolymers/Telechelic Polymers; 3.4.3.2 Block Copolymers Versus Random Copolymers; 3.4.3.3 Dendrimers andßBrush Polymers.
3.4.4 Monomer Derivatization withßAlkyl Chains: Spacer Length andßAlkyl Chain Effect3.4.5 Other Macromolecular Parameters Involved inßtheßAntibacterial Activity; 3.5 Evaluation ofßtheßAntimicrobial Activity: InßVitro Testing; 3.6 Conclusions; References; Chapter 4: Nano-Micro Polymeric Structures withßAntimicrobial Activity inßSolution; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Amphiphilic Antimicrobial Structures inßSolution: Key Variables toßTake intoßAccount; 4.3 Antimicrobial Random/Alternated Copolymers inßSolution; 4.4 Self-Assembled Block Copolymer-Based Antimicrobial Nanostructures.
2.3.2.2 Mechanism 2: Reduce theßPermeability ofßtheßCell Membrane2.3.2.3 Mechanism 3: Modification ofßtheßAntibiotic Structure; 2.3.2.4 Mechanism 4: Changing theßTarget Structure; 2.3.3 Macromolecular Antimicrobials; 2.4 Biomaterials Surface: Device-Associated Infections; 2.4.1 Adhesion, Adherence, andßAttachment; 2.4.2 Bacterial Adhesion toßBiomaterials Surfaces; 2.4.2.1 Phase One inßBacterial Adhesion; 2.4.2.2 Phase Two inßBacterial Adhesion; 2.4.3 Biofilm Formation; 2.4.4 Antibiotic Resistance ofßBacteria inßBiofilms.
2.4.5 Approaches Developed toßAchieve Polymeric Biomaterials withßAntibacterial Properties2.4.5.1 Bacteria Repelling andßAntiadhesive Surfaces; 2.4.5.2 Bioactive Materials withßIntrinsically Antibacterial Properties; 2.4.5.3 Materials Incorporating Bioactive Molecules Interfering withßtheßProduction ofßBacterial Biofilm; 2.5 Conclusions; References; Chapter 3: Chemical Approaches toßPrepare Antimicrobial Polymers; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Types ofßAntimicrobial Groups Incorporated inßPolymers; 3.2.1 Quaternary Ammonium/Phosphonium; 3.2.2 N-Halamine andßOther Halogen Containing Polymers.
3.2.3 Antimicrobial Peptides andßOther Polymers Mimicking Natural Peptides3.2.4 Other Antimicrobial Functional Groups; 3.3 Synthetic Strategies toßPrepare Antimicrobial Polymers; 3.4 Interactions BetweenßBacteria andßPolymeric Materials: Role ofßtheßMacromolecular Parameters onßtheßAntibacterial Activity; 3.4.1 Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Balance; 3.4.2 Molecular Weight; 3.4.3 Polymer Topology; 3.4.3.1 Homopolymers/Copolymers/Telechelic Polymers; 3.4.3.2 Block Copolymers Versus Random Copolymers; 3.4.3.3 Dendrimers andßBrush Polymers.
3.4.4 Monomer Derivatization withßAlkyl Chains: Spacer Length andßAlkyl Chain Effect3.4.5 Other Macromolecular Parameters Involved inßtheßAntibacterial Activity; 3.5 Evaluation ofßtheßAntimicrobial Activity: InßVitro Testing; 3.6 Conclusions; References; Chapter 4: Nano-Micro Polymeric Structures withßAntimicrobial Activity inßSolution; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Amphiphilic Antimicrobial Structures inßSolution: Key Variables toßTake intoßAccount; 4.3 Antimicrobial Random/Alternated Copolymers inßSolution; 4.4 Self-Assembled Block Copolymer-Based Antimicrobial Nanostructures.