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Foreword; Preface; Contents; Contributors; Part I: Introduction; 1: What Is Keratoconus? AßNew Approach toßaßNot SoßRare Disease; References; 2: Modern Pathogenesis ofßKeratoconus: Genomics andßProteomics; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Candidate-Driven Approach; 2.2.1 Candidate Gene Approach; 2.2.2 Syndromic Keratoconus; 2.2.3 Non-candidate-Driven Approach; 2.2.4 Linkage Analysis; 2.2.5 Genome-wide Association Studies; 2.2.6 Transcriptomics-Proteomics; 2.3 Conclusion; References; 3: Epidemiology ofßKeratoconus; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Incidence andßPrevalence.
3.3 Environmental andßGenetic Factors: Separate or Synergistic?3.4 Ultraviolet Light Exposure; 3.5 Eye Rubbing andßAllergy; 3.6 Gender; 3.7 Age; 3.8 Associations withßOther Diseases; 3.8.1 Down Syndrome; 3.8.2 Leber's Congenital Amaurosis; 3.8.3 Connective Tissue Disorders; 3.9 Discussion; References; 4: Histopathology (from Keratoconus Pathology to Pathogenesis); 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Signs ofßKeratoconus: Clinical vs. Pathological; 4.3 Structural Changes inßKeratoconus; 4.3.1 Bowman's Layer; 4.3.2 Stroma-Collagen Lamellae; 4.3.3 Descemet's Membrane.
4.3.4 Matrix Deposition andßScar Formation4.4 Cellular Changes inßKeratoconus; 4.4.1 Epithelium; 4.4.2 Cellular Incursion intoßBowman's Layer; 4.4.3 Stroma; 4.4.4 Endothelium; 4.5 Keratoconic Changes inßSecreted Enzymatic Factors; 4.5.1 Matrix metalloproteinases; 4.5.2 Matrix metalloproteinases Tissue Inhibitors; 4.5.3 Cathepsins; 4.6 Recurrence ofßPathology; 4.7 A Role forßInflammation inßKeratoconus; 4.7.1 Immunohistochemical Evidence ofßInflammation; 4.8 Pathology Informing Pathogenesis; References; 5: Keratoconus inßChildren; 5.1 Treatment; References.
Part II: Diagnostic Tools in Keratoconus6: Instrumentation forßDiagnosis ofßKeratoconus; 6.1 Videokeratoscopes; 6.2 The Sagittal Curvature; 6.3 The Tangential Curvature; 6.4 The Height Maps; 6.5 Arc Step; 6.6 Optical Scanning Devices; 6.7 Corneal Thickness; 6.8 Scheimpflug Camera; 6.9 AS-OCT (Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography) [13]; 6.10 Brief Introduction toßAutomated Systems forßKeratoconus Screening; 6.10.1 Objective Parameters forßQuantifying theßEctasia; 6.11 Modern Hybrid Systems Based Assisted Learning; References.
7: Analyzing Tomographic Corneal Elevation forßDetecting Ectasia7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Background; 7.3 How Elevation Is Displayed; 7.4 Enhanced Reference Surface; References; 8: Analyzing Tomographic Thickness forßDetecting Corneal Ectatic Diseases; 8.1 Introduction; 8.2 Tomographic Corneal Thickness Assessment; 8.3 The Corneal Thickness Spatial Profile (CSTP) andßtheßPercentage Thickness Increase (PTI) Graphs; 8.4 The Ambrósio Relational Thickness Variables; 8.5 Single-Point Pachymetry vs. Tomography-Derived Pachymetric Variables forßDiagnosing Keratoconus.
3.3 Environmental andßGenetic Factors: Separate or Synergistic?3.4 Ultraviolet Light Exposure; 3.5 Eye Rubbing andßAllergy; 3.6 Gender; 3.7 Age; 3.8 Associations withßOther Diseases; 3.8.1 Down Syndrome; 3.8.2 Leber's Congenital Amaurosis; 3.8.3 Connective Tissue Disorders; 3.9 Discussion; References; 4: Histopathology (from Keratoconus Pathology to Pathogenesis); 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Signs ofßKeratoconus: Clinical vs. Pathological; 4.3 Structural Changes inßKeratoconus; 4.3.1 Bowman's Layer; 4.3.2 Stroma-Collagen Lamellae; 4.3.3 Descemet's Membrane.
4.3.4 Matrix Deposition andßScar Formation4.4 Cellular Changes inßKeratoconus; 4.4.1 Epithelium; 4.4.2 Cellular Incursion intoßBowman's Layer; 4.4.3 Stroma; 4.4.4 Endothelium; 4.5 Keratoconic Changes inßSecreted Enzymatic Factors; 4.5.1 Matrix metalloproteinases; 4.5.2 Matrix metalloproteinases Tissue Inhibitors; 4.5.3 Cathepsins; 4.6 Recurrence ofßPathology; 4.7 A Role forßInflammation inßKeratoconus; 4.7.1 Immunohistochemical Evidence ofßInflammation; 4.8 Pathology Informing Pathogenesis; References; 5: Keratoconus inßChildren; 5.1 Treatment; References.
Part II: Diagnostic Tools in Keratoconus6: Instrumentation forßDiagnosis ofßKeratoconus; 6.1 Videokeratoscopes; 6.2 The Sagittal Curvature; 6.3 The Tangential Curvature; 6.4 The Height Maps; 6.5 Arc Step; 6.6 Optical Scanning Devices; 6.7 Corneal Thickness; 6.8 Scheimpflug Camera; 6.9 AS-OCT (Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography) [13]; 6.10 Brief Introduction toßAutomated Systems forßKeratoconus Screening; 6.10.1 Objective Parameters forßQuantifying theßEctasia; 6.11 Modern Hybrid Systems Based Assisted Learning; References.
7: Analyzing Tomographic Corneal Elevation forßDetecting Ectasia7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Background; 7.3 How Elevation Is Displayed; 7.4 Enhanced Reference Surface; References; 8: Analyzing Tomographic Thickness forßDetecting Corneal Ectatic Diseases; 8.1 Introduction; 8.2 Tomographic Corneal Thickness Assessment; 8.3 The Corneal Thickness Spatial Profile (CSTP) andßtheßPercentage Thickness Increase (PTI) Graphs; 8.4 The Ambrósio Relational Thickness Variables; 8.5 Single-Point Pachymetry vs. Tomography-Derived Pachymetric Variables forßDiagnosing Keratoconus.