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Foreword; Acknowledgements; Contents; Abbreviations; 1 Introduction to "Stopping Climate Change: The Case for Coal and Hydrogen"; Abstract; 1.1 Climate Change Threats to Society; 1.1.1 Population Growth; 1.1.2 Increased Meat Consumption; 1.1.3 Bio-Fuels; 1.2 Fuel Sources; 1.2.1 Coal as an Energy Source; 1.3 Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles; 1.4 Hydrogen as an Enabler of Greater Use of Intermittent Renewables; 1.5 Hydrogen from Coal; 1.6 Water Requirements for Hydrogen Generation; 1.7 Water Requirements for Agriculture; References; 2 Greenhouse Gases by Sector.
Abstract2.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector; 2.2 Electricity Projections; Reference; 3 Net Greenhouse Gas Reductions Required by Sector; Abstract; 3.1 U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 1990; 3.2 Recommended GHG Reductions by Sector; References; 4 Electricity Generator Costs and Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Abstract; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Business as Usual Pathway; 4.3 Lower Carbon Options; 4.3.1 Change Fuels; 4.3.2 Carbon Capture and Storage/Sequestration (CCS); 4.4 Total Power Plant Costs to Meet GHG Goals; 4.4.1 Energy Efficiency Gains; 4.4.2 Renewable Electricity Increases.
4.5 Nuclear Electricity Projections4.6 Generation Mix to Meet GHG Goal by 2050; 4.6.1 Generator Upgrade Costs; 4.6.2 Comparison Between Upgrade Costs and Historical Capital Expenditures; 4.6.3 Tradeoff Between GHGs and Capex; 4.7 Scenario with Minimal GHGs (NGCCß+ßCCS Plants); 4.8 Scenario with GHG Goal Delayed to 2070; 4.9 GHG Relief for Other Sectors; 4.10 Conclusions; References; 5 Petroleum and Coal Proven Reserves: The Case for Coal and the Demise of OPEC; Abstract; 5.1 Petroleum Reserves; 5.2 Coal Reserves; 5.3 OPEC Coal Versus Petroleum; 5.4 Natural Gas Reserves.
5.5 Ratios of Natural Gas and Coal Percentage Reserves to Petroleum Percentage Reserves5.6 Years of Remaining Fossil Fuels at Current Consumption Rates; 5.7 Fossil Fuel Reserves with GHG Reductions; 5.8 Conclusions; References; 6 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Costs Compared: Electricity Versus Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles; Abstract; 6.1 Cost of Reducing Electric Power Generation Greenhouse Gases; 6.1.1 Total Cost of Installing Electricity Generators; 6.1.2 Hydrogen Infrastructure Cost Estimates; 6.1.3 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Incremental Cost Estimates.
6.2 Summary of Estimated Costs for Reducing GHG Emissions6.3 Greenhouse Gas Reductions with Alternative Vehicles; References; 7 Tri-Generation at Big Box Stores and Warehouses; Abstract; 7.1 Fuel Cell Fork Lift Trucks; 7.2 Tri-Gen System Description; 7.3 Results and Discussion; 7.4 State Electricity Rates; 7.5 State Natural Gas Prices; 7.6 State Gasoline Prices; 7.7 Rates of Return with Fork Lift Trucks and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles; 7.8 Rates of Return with Fuel Cell Delivery Trucks; 7.9 Big Box Store Energy Consumption; 7.10 Tri-Gen System Capital Cost Estimates.
Abstract2.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector; 2.2 Electricity Projections; Reference; 3 Net Greenhouse Gas Reductions Required by Sector; Abstract; 3.1 U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 1990; 3.2 Recommended GHG Reductions by Sector; References; 4 Electricity Generator Costs and Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Abstract; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Business as Usual Pathway; 4.3 Lower Carbon Options; 4.3.1 Change Fuels; 4.3.2 Carbon Capture and Storage/Sequestration (CCS); 4.4 Total Power Plant Costs to Meet GHG Goals; 4.4.1 Energy Efficiency Gains; 4.4.2 Renewable Electricity Increases.
4.5 Nuclear Electricity Projections4.6 Generation Mix to Meet GHG Goal by 2050; 4.6.1 Generator Upgrade Costs; 4.6.2 Comparison Between Upgrade Costs and Historical Capital Expenditures; 4.6.3 Tradeoff Between GHGs and Capex; 4.7 Scenario with Minimal GHGs (NGCCß+ßCCS Plants); 4.8 Scenario with GHG Goal Delayed to 2070; 4.9 GHG Relief for Other Sectors; 4.10 Conclusions; References; 5 Petroleum and Coal Proven Reserves: The Case for Coal and the Demise of OPEC; Abstract; 5.1 Petroleum Reserves; 5.2 Coal Reserves; 5.3 OPEC Coal Versus Petroleum; 5.4 Natural Gas Reserves.
5.5 Ratios of Natural Gas and Coal Percentage Reserves to Petroleum Percentage Reserves5.6 Years of Remaining Fossil Fuels at Current Consumption Rates; 5.7 Fossil Fuel Reserves with GHG Reductions; 5.8 Conclusions; References; 6 Greenhouse Gas Reduction Costs Compared: Electricity Versus Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles; Abstract; 6.1 Cost of Reducing Electric Power Generation Greenhouse Gases; 6.1.1 Total Cost of Installing Electricity Generators; 6.1.2 Hydrogen Infrastructure Cost Estimates; 6.1.3 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Incremental Cost Estimates.
6.2 Summary of Estimated Costs for Reducing GHG Emissions6.3 Greenhouse Gas Reductions with Alternative Vehicles; References; 7 Tri-Generation at Big Box Stores and Warehouses; Abstract; 7.1 Fuel Cell Fork Lift Trucks; 7.2 Tri-Gen System Description; 7.3 Results and Discussion; 7.4 State Electricity Rates; 7.5 State Natural Gas Prices; 7.6 State Gasoline Prices; 7.7 Rates of Return with Fork Lift Trucks and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles; 7.8 Rates of Return with Fuel Cell Delivery Trucks; 7.9 Big Box Store Energy Consumption; 7.10 Tri-Gen System Capital Cost Estimates.